Chapter Summary Notes

Adam Smith argued the economic advantages of vision of labor, and the breakdown of Jobs into particularise and repetitive tasks, known as Job metier. Division of labor increase productivity by increasing each workers skill and dexterity, by sparing time lost in changing tasks. 2. 18th Century industrial Revolution the main contribution of the Industrial revolution was that human queen was replaced by machine power, which then made it more economical to force goods In factories rather than at home.Large, efficient factories require managerial skills, as they had to ensure that demand was met, enough eternal was on hand to keep up production, assign tasks to people, direct daily activities, coordinate various tasks, ensure the machines were mute running efficiently and were kept in good condition date maintaining standards, etc. There atomic number 18 6 different approaches to management 1. scientific management an approach that involves using scientific methods to define t he one crush way for a Job to be done. The aim of this method is to break organizations and workers be as efficient as possible.Frederick W. Taylor was one of the first to bring on methods of scientific management. He Introduced 4 principles of management a. Develop a perception for each element of an Individuals work with standardized work Implements and efficient methods for every to follow b. Scientifically select workers with skills and abilities that match each job and find out them in the most efficient ways to accomplish tasks c. Ensure cooperation done incentives and provide the work environment that reinforces optimal work results in a scientific manner d. Vivid responsibility for managing and for working, while supporting individuals in work groups doing what they do best. Some people are more confident of managing, whereas others are better at per progress toing tasks laid out to them. These guidelines are still use today for improving efficiency and production. T hey are used when managers analyses the basic work tasks that moldiness be performed, use time-and-motion study to avert wasted motions, hire the best-qualified workers for a Job and design incentive systems ground on output. . General administrative theory an approach to management that focuses on describing what managers do and what constituted good management practice. There were 2 real theorists in developing this method Henry Offal and Max Weber. Henry planning, organizing, commanding, coordinate and controlling. He stated 14 principles of management, which are fundamental rules of management that could be taught and applied to all organizational situations.They include a) division of work specialization increases output by making employees more efficient b) delegacy managers must be able to give orders c) discipline employees must obey and find the rules that govern the organization d) unity of command every employee should receive orders from solo nee superior e) unit y of direction organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers f) subordination of individual interests to the public interest interests of one employee should not take precedence of the organization as a whole g) remuneration workers must be paid a fair wage for their services h) concentration the degree to which subordinates are tough in decision making I) scalar chain line of authority from top to bottom j) order people and materials should be in the dear place at the right time k) equity managers should be winsome and fair to their subordinates l) stability of tenure of response management should provide bang-up personnel planning to ensure that replacement are available to take in vacancies m) initiative employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will utilize high levels of effort n) esprit De corps promoting team spirit will induce harmony and unity within the organization Max Weber he developed a theory of authority stru ctures based on an exalted type of organization he called a bureaucracy a form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, minute rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. 3. Initiative approach the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. Total Quality Management a philosophy of management set by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.This approach has contributed today to managerial decision making in the areas of planning and control, such as when managers need to budget, schedule, quality control and similar decisions are made. 4. Organizational behaviour a field of study concerned with the actions (behaviors) of people at work. Hawthorne studies a series of studies during the sass and ass that provided insight into individual and group behavior. tender-hearted relations movement the belief, for the most part unsubstantiated by research, that a satisfied worker will be produc tive. Behavioral science theorists psychologists and sociologists who relied on scientific method for study of organizational behavior. 5. Yeasts approach known as one of the contemporary approaches. It is a set of interrelated and interdependent split arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. unopen systems systems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.