Behavior Genetics

The behavioural catchings discipline deals with the factortic factors affecting human normals. It deals with the establishment of expression with respect to the purview of psychology and psychiatry. These traits may contain cognitive impairments, affable illness, depression, aggression, schizophrenia, substance use, and lookal problems. Further, behavioral comp whiznttic science in the light of proficient advancement became an primary(prenominal) tool in discovering the alleles and genes prudent for the behavioral typicals of humans.Meanwhile, as surroundingsal anatomys provided by the p bents and shaped by the society h adept individuals to maximise their innate or inborn potentials, the kindredities on the increase and teachingal patterns among relatives lay claim in the effects of their inherited genes. bandage the ge nonype dictates the possible occurrence of a specific behavior, the temper shapes the phenotypic behavior that will be expressed.I n congener to this, although close to develop amiable psychologists collapse taken into consideration the hereditary influences in the development of cognitive skills, amiable abilities, and multiple intelligences on every individual, up to now they believe that environmental conditions take prevalence in molding ones personality. As such, experts argon in continuous search for the genes responsible for the development and heritage of various diseases and personality disorders.Title IntroductionCharles Darwin, the proponent of the subjective selection theory, was influenced by Francis Galton in relating the biological basis of evolution to behavioral characteristics of puppet species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). The form on the expression of behavioral attributes of organisms under specific type of species after part be attributed to transmissible changes. These variations wad survive and further change in the succeed generations of that species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). For instance, curiosity can be observed in every sentient being species.Some animals dis pushover high level of curiosity than other animal assort which projects their survival mechanism. In connective to this, the discipline of behavior genetics is an intensive application of the biological basis of behavior that loosely aims for the determination the variation extent of specific trait in a given people of organisms (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Specifically, it examines both genetic and environmental influences on the trait variation as well as the interactions ming guide with heredity and the environment.Behavior genetics is likewise touch on on the genotype or the underpinning genetic structures in specific behavior (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). In fact, the experiments on animal selective-breeding undeniably showed the influence of hereditary traits in the behavior of different animal species. Behavioral and Medical genetics The behaviora l genetics discipline deals with the genetic factors affecting human behaviors while health check genetics encompasses the exerted influence of the genes on complex behavior (P arens, 2004).Medical genetics includes genetic factors which influence behavioral trait physical composition with respect to the purview of euphony such as hypertension, cancer, and diabetes (Parens, 2004). On the other hand, behavioral genetics deals with the formation of behavior with respect to the purview of psychology and psychiatry (Parens, 2004). These traits may involve cognitive impairments, mental illness, depression, aggression, schizophrenia, substance use, and behavioral problems. As well, the demarcation between behavioral and medical genetics is not fully-defined (Parens, 2004).For instance, depression cases which originally sort out under the purview of psychiatrists and psychologists are now held by medical doctors. Similarly, the stove of medical investigatees like Alzheimers disease p resent is as well as refer of psychologists. Although, the names of these two endeavors are different, the molecular(a) approaches, methodological and research questions are principally similar. Genetic Influences At present, most of the experts in behavioral genetics utilize the molecular methods of researchers in medical genetics (Parens, 2004).Both groups employ desoxyribonucleic acid-based engineering to unravel the genetic mystery and the disorder or the behavioral traits. It is important to insure this primary goal of the canvass prior to the selection of the molecular method of the study. Researchers in behavioral genetics are using classical, epidemiological, and quantitative methods of study (Parens, 2004). For example, the twin studies fall under the classical methods while the DNA-based methods are classified under molecular-behavioral methods.Meanwhile, the experiments on behavioral genetics were conducted not still in microorganisms but also in insects like housefl ies, mosquitoes, bees, fruit flies, crickets, wasps, moths and as yet in cows, fishes, dogs, geese and other animal species (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). The artificial selection or selective-breeding of these organisms resulted to determinate relationship between behaviors and genetic processes. On the other hand, the genotype-environment interactions were assessed by natural behavioral observations on organisms in a defined environmental condition (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).For example, the observations made by early psychologist on the stimulus-conditioned response among animals live contributed in the understanding of human learning. In relation to this, in genetic studies, animals commence crucial roles, serving as models for the experiment. For instance, a mouse model that was lacking(predicate) in HRPT enzyme was genetically engineered in the laboratory so as to understand the human case of this deficiency. The HPRT deficiency, putd with a recessive X-link ed gene, is associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Gershon and Reider, 1992).This genetic disorder was correlated with mental retardation and self-injurious behavior through animal studies (Gershon and Reider, 1992). Further, animals are also utilized as models for several neurobehavioral disorders such as epilepsy, alcoholism, and narcolepsy. In this view, animal models, through experiments, serve as means to gain understanding on the nature and occurrence of genetic disorders as well the exploration on the prevention and proper medical treatment. In every animal study, it is generally assumed that the underlying genetic principle works similarly among organisms.Moreover, in the advancement of genetic technology, locating, characterizing, and identifying genetic variation through genes is now possible. Methods in Behavioral genetic science Inbreeding Mice are typically used in inbreeding experiments. Inbreeding is force on animals in order to generate a genetically akin, homozygo us population. Approximately after thirty generation, 98-100% homozygous organisms can be produced (Parens, 2004). Since the subjects of the study bear the corresponding genes, the variation then on their respective phenotypic behavior is straight caused by environmental variables.Twin Studies Inbreeding is not done in humans for genetic traits of the humanoids can scantily be manipulated. Thus, twin studies are of prime importance in dealing with genotypic and phenotypic experimentations. speckle the identical or monozygotic gibe are genetically identical, the brotherlike or dizygotic agree are more genetically identical than mean(prenominal) siblings (Parens, 2004). The shared traits among identical and fraternal twins and non-twin individuals are world-shattering for comparison and contrast.If identical twins fox more behavioral traits than fraternal twins, genetic influences then interceded. Both identical and fraternal twins, although shared differently in the inher ited traits, experience similar pre-natal environment, thus, the genetic factors can be isolated for behavioral assessment (Parens, 2004). On the other hand, the genetic make up of fraternal twins are entirely different from non-twin individuals. Also, non-twin siblings have different pre-natal environment, hence, giving opportunity for comparison based on environmental factors (Parens, 2004).Knockout Studies In knockout study design, genes are either inserted or shock form the embryonic cells of mice (Parens, 2004). This is done to control and manipulate the genetic characteristic of the subjects. Then, they are reinserted into a female for gestation. Most knockout studies employed on and off gene mechanism through drug treatment or antibiotic (Parens, 2004). The researcher can turn the gene on or off by the combination of the deleted or inserted gene with a particular gene susceptible to drug treatment. Molecular BiologyGenetics and the advent of molecular biological science hav e brought valuable insights into the inheritance of both genetic and behavioral disorders. For instance, it was determine that chromosomal aberrations resulting to an extra chromo whatsoever 21 would cause mental illness in Down syndrome cases (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Likewise, the gene responsible to various single-gene diseases with mental retardation funding has been set including their respective complications. Hence, new born screening is implemented nowadays for early detection and medication of metabolic or genetic disorders.Generally, behavioral and biological connections with respect to chromosomal aberrations are easier to determine than the complexity of the normal behavioral patterns (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Contemporary technology on genetic studies is employed on single-gene treatment along with its behavioral characteristics. For example, DNA from either affected or unaffected population is canvas in the identification of the culprit gene for the observe d behavioral defects (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). After gene identification, the allele responsible for neurologic problem is then determined.Similarly, gene mapping technique or linkage analysis is applied in the identification of the chromosomal position of a specific gene. Then, the DNAs of both affected and unaffected individuals from different families are analyzed to determine the link between a gene encoded in the DNA or marker and the occurrence of the genetic disorder (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). In connection to this, it is commonly postulated that high link entails the chromosomal closeness of the link between the DNA marker and the disorder.Heredity and the EnvironmentSpecific organisms sustain existence in different environmental conditions as both environment and genes control and direct their growth and development (Scarr, 1992). Thus, it is possible to attribute behavioral observations to genes or environmental factors. Further, the relative influenc es of environment and heredity as well as their interactions can possibly ascribe with the characteristic variation among members of a population (Scarr, 1992). In genetic studies, twins are typically used for behavioral analysis and comparison.The research on the behavioral developments of identical and fraternal twins, under identical social conditions, is one strategy employed to assess heredity-environment relationships. Likewise, hereditary and environmental influences are also examined by means of the behavioral comparison and contrast among unrelated individuals expectant in the same custody like in the case of pick out children. By this method, similarities on the behavioral traits of the subjects would directly ascribe to environmental factors for they are entirely different with respect to genes (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).Furthermore, quantitative methods like biometric technique drive on the processing of various family genetic-environment data (Plomin, Owen, a nd McGuffin, 1994). Experts attributed the behavioral phenotype differences among individuals to their inherited genes from their respective parents in parallel with the nurturing environment. However, the difficulties in the identification of environmental factors involved in behavioral nurturing are even greater than in the determination of the genes responsible for the phenotypic behaviors.On the other hand, both theoretical and technological advancement along with the naturalized techniques provide great help in the study of hereditary-environmental behavior determinants (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994). Meanwhile, heredity has been correlated with the variation of intelligence the nature and transmission of genes is a healthful predictor of intelligence. In fact, as estimated, about 40-70% of intelligence variation can plausibly explained by hereditary traits (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).As revealed by more than five decades of research on the intelligence of related individuals, identical twins grown one after another are just similar to select individuals brought up in the same custody (Scarr, 1992). While identical twins grown up in concert are practically similar as compared to fraternal twins brought up in the same home, the reared identical twins are much similar than adopted individuals grown in the same custody (Scarr, 1992). Experts in the behavioral genetics discipline argued for the genetic basis of human behaviors such as aggression, depression, impulsivity, homosexuality, and substance use.This scientific search for the genetic basis of behavior led to the reemergence of behavioral genetic determinism bearing the notion that behaviors are largely shaped by genetic processes (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). On the other hand, researches on twins and adopted individuals were the traditional studies conducted to differentiate environmental and biological influences in personality formation (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Recently, resear chers have looked into the DNA parts or genes which probably cause mental health problems like bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and even depression.However, specific gene responsible for the occurrence of these disorders was failed to be identified (Carson and Rothstein, 1999). Also, genetic expert were not able to relate basic personality attributes and sexual preferences to any gene. Meanwhile, although some displayed behavior can only be attributed to a single gene, most of the expressed behaviors were generated by several genes or polygenic influence (Parens, 2004). In addition, environmental variables intercede on the genetic influences in behavioral expression resulting to the convolution of the scenario.Hence, for the analysis of genotypic and phenotypic behavioral interrelations, researchers formulated the photographic plate of heritability with zero to one value-range (Parens, 2004). The heritability values are projections of variance measures expressed in the trait due to inheritance. As such, the zero value denotes that the phenotypic behavior is entirely independent from the behavioral gene while the value of one is an indication that the phenotypic behavior is absolutely attributed to the inherited gene.Analysis and ConclusionThe aforementioned findings of behavioral studies proved that genetic processes are directly responsible for human growth and development. Meanwhile, as environmental conditions provided by the parents and shaped by the society perfect individuals to maximize their innate or inborn potentials, the similarities on the growth and developmental patterns among relatives illuminate the effects of their inherited genes (Scarr, 1992). For example, identical twins grown in different custody have similar traits just like twins brought up in the same family.In relation to this, although most developmental psychologists have taken into consideration the hereditary influences in the development of cognitive skills, mental abilities, and multiple intelligences on every individual, still they believe that environmental conditions take prevalence in molding ones personality (Scarr, 1992). Similar to this, as adoption, twin, and family studies showed the genetic influences in the inheritance of depression and schizophrenia, the role of environmental variables is crucial in the development of personality traits.As such, experts are in continuous search for the genes responsible for the development and inheritance of various diseases and personality disorders. For instance, psychopathological data self-possessed for a number of years revealed the genetic factors in the alcoholism and other substance use. In fact, alleles which corresponds for the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, dehydrogenases like aldehyde dehydrogenase were variedly detected among nonalcoholic and alcoholic Chinese men (Plomin, Owen, and McGuffin, 1994).However, conclusive findings concerning gene that is specifically related to alcoholism was hardly produced. It was postulated that alcoholism has complexity which may not only involve a specific gene but also includes synergism among genes and gene-environment interactions. Behavioral genetics in the light of technological advancement became an important tool in discovering the alleles and genes responsible for the behavioral characteristics of humans (Parens, 2004).This discipline has triggered the issues concerning the basis of behaviors people contended on the genetic explanation for the exhibited behavior as they generally believed on the notions of nature and nurture assumptions. However, the nature and nurture notions, even though may play a significant role in behavior determination, as predictors of behaviors have limited view on behavior acquisition and modification (Parens, 2004). While the genotype dictates the possible occurrence of a particular behavior, the nature shapes the phenotypic behavior that will be expressed.As compared with the Mendelian genetics, behavi oral genetics is much complicated for the pea plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments directly showed the characteristic variation while animal or human behaviors can hardly be interpreted as they way it was exhibited (Parens, 2004). Thus, the successful association between genes and behaviors is attained when the genotypic behavior concurred on the phenotypic or observed behavior. In such way, the behavioral genes can be identified and the extent of its behavioral expression can be further determined.References Carson, R. A. and Rothstein, M. A. (1999).Behavioral Genetics The Clash of Culture and Biology. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press. Gershon, E. L. and Reider, R. O. (1992). Major Disorders of Mind and Brain. Scientific American, 267(3), 126133. Parens, E. (2004). Genetic Differences and human Identity On Why Talking about Behavioral Genetics Is Important and Difficult. Garrison, New York The Hastings Center. Plomin, R. , Owen, J. , and McGuffin, P. (1994). The Genetic Basis of Complex gay Behavior, Science, 264, 17331739. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental Theories for the 1990s Development and Individual Differences, Child Development, 63, 119.

Interactive video behavioral intervention Essay

Risk behaviors on youth atomic bit 18 issues that the sociologists and psychologists deal as big deals. The youth comprises the major work force of the emerging yet the trends and the activities they do sometimes put them to the verge of having complications and diseases that are ancestral through having sexual congresss. Their every day activities may lead them to something that foot really matter especially with their health and their spirituality.Modernism and liberalism are issues that are usually faced by the youth today by which set that are regarded to be sacred in the first place are now called pas work through and often treated as something for the centuries, not for the modern age. One of the issues mentioned are women engaging to pre-marital sex at a young age, and worse cases to twofold partners. Downs, Murray, et. al (2004) formulated a hold that dealt with the behavior of females who are credibly to commit to sexual activities involving oral and anal sex, together with the sexual intercourse it ego.Their larn aimed to determine some supportling factors with the behavior of women regarding sex. It provided distinct ship canal of informing the women of the possible consequences of having sexual intercourse with the opposite sex. Having a number of reviews of articles, they gathered 300 sexually active females (6 months before the chew over started) from different places in Pittsburgh are that are still subdivided from hospitals, clinics and a teaching hospital.The authors of the study first surveyed for the instrumentalists who are resulting to be tested and undergo the study. Parents were likewise asked if they are willing to let their daughters below 18 years produce the participants of the study. According from the article, parents were more than willing to let their daughters be part of the group or the respondents. Questions that asked the motives of having sex were asked during the interview. It will help the evaluators to assess the usual situations before the actual intercourse happens.The study also has its way of letting the participants bring a way that they will be best informed. In this way, they will have an idea of how they are going to control their sexual drives. The modes of the study are interactive video garment, a book that offers the same circumscribe as the video and brochures that offer the same topic. One video clip from www. WhatCouldYouDo. org was shown to them that portrayed a girl and a boy that depended on the conception of condom love that is often pictured as something satisfying different than the act of abstinence.Their knowledge more or less STD was also measured trough the 40 questions posted in the study, and they have a percentage of 65. 5% put concepts about the matter. On the other hand, 67. 7% of them has the right knowledge about specific STD issues. Controls without the interventions were more likely to still engage in the occupation while those who have had the chance to be included in the aggroup with video intervention through randomization were reported to have self control over the next few months.However, the study showed that knowledge of the participant regarding sexual and STD issues did not increased. It was stated in the reports that it could have been better if the control for the study did not receive any intervention to clearly see the effect of the programs in controlling the risk behavior of youth, specifically with the females. The study may be leading to situations by which female will not be choosing the option to have sex with their partners to express their feelings.Moreover, the intention of preventing STD in youth through some information integrated seminars and trainings are tidy ways in drawing down the lines in the limitations of the actions of the females, and the youth.ReferenceJulie S. Downs, Pamela J. Murray, Wandi Bruine de Bruin, Joyce Penrose, Claire Palmgren and Baruch Fischhoff. interactional v ideo behavioral intervention to reduce adolescent females STD risk a randomized controlled trial Social Science & Medicine, Volume 59, Issue 8, October 2004, Pages 1561-1572

An Ode Poem

An Ode Poem Adam Smith ENG 125 Prof. McFarland January 17, 2012 For my appellation this week I chose to write about is A Morning song by Eleanor Farjeon. This poem is in the act upon of an ode which is also another solve for a Lyric rhyme. Odes are imaginative, expressed with a meditative, intellectual t ane, hardly do not hurl a prescribed pattern (Clugston, 2010). I chose this poem because it was not notwithstanding written intimately. It is sort of like the poetry I write. I want to describe this poem in my experience spoken language, because it is beautiful and heartwarming. One of the elements of this poem that I liked was the content of the poem.This limited poem had a lot of content in it but the chief(prenominal) one was break of the day. It was a poem about the beginning of the day everything that deals with the dayspring. corresponding the dew on the grass, or the smell of the fresh air. It told of how a very cheering bright morning would like through the eyes of the lord and how the shuttle spoke and everything. Another element of the poem I like is the form in which it is written. Rhyming in poetry is pretty common in most poems. A rhyme is a similarity in the pass of stressed syllables in words at the end of forms of poetry (Clugston, 2010).The rhyming form is this poem is that of an ABAB style form. In other words the words at the ends of lines 1 and 3 are the same and the ones at the ends of 2 and 4 are the same. Another element I loved was the penning of the poem. After reading some(prenominal) times it was clear that the theme was morning time and everything that has to with it being morning. To me the theme was set in the first line of the poem. Morning has broken, like the first morning ( Farjeon,1957). That right there is what I think set the theme and or tone for this well written poem. These three elements here help me agnize the poem and what it was really about.It took me several(prenominal) times to read this poe m. Once I read a several time I got what it meant and how the poet wanted me as the reader to comprehend it. It was a very beautiful poem in its own way. These elements didnt run into my opinion or my reaction to this poem. I think that they helped me more to understand it better. The elements that I wrote about were more for me as the reader to not only understanding the poem, but made it easier to read. They really didnt cause me to localize one just one thing. Like I said preceding I had to read it several times so I finally looked over everything in the poem.The wording and the way the poem was written was exceptionally brilliant in its own way. In conclusion this is probably one of the most beautiful poems I have ever read. I have read a lot of poems in my life and written them as well. This poem is what we at poets call and Ode which means its sort of melodic in a sense. I hope I did this paper well and it was an honor to write about the poem. References Clugston, R. W. ( 2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California Bridgepoint Education, Farjeon, E. (1957). A morning song. In Childrens bells. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press.

Pros and Cons of Television

For most the great unwashed, observance tv set is an enjoy equal way to spend magazine. It is an undemanding activity that passes the time and there be very few families that dont receive at least one television. Since so umpteen wad promptly own a television, there has been a proliferation in the number of convey available and shows to comply, so that you can quite easily find yourself using up hours in front of the television.Consequently, you may neglect other activities that need doing. Thus, although television may help to ease boredom, there atomic number 18 also approximately cast out aspects associated with observation television.Breaking news shown live on your TVGlobal news net profit allows the latest global events to be aired worldwide and beamed directly to your aliveness room. Examples (from top-left, clockwise) include September 11th attack, 2004 Tsunami in Indonesia, 2008 H1N1 outbreak and 2011 earthquake in Japan.Pros of watching televisionThe positive aspects of watching television include that you ingest something to maunder to friends and relatives about. There are certain programs which are to a greater extent popular than others and if you watch them you feel included and that you have something in common with the people approximately you. Television can help to foster a sense of issue identity, since a significant proportion of the population will be undecided to the same kinds of news programs and television shows, so that people feel that they go away to a wider community. Plus, television can also be informative and educational, porta peoples eyes up to the world outside.Educational TV programsEducational TV programs provide priceless information that not only educate scarce also opens up your mind. Most of these programs teach and educate people on subjects that you may otherwise will not know and are neer taught in schools.Cons of watching televisionNon-educational TV programsHowever, there are also a lot of t elevision shows that are not very educational, and could even be considered trash. Reality shows, for instance, offer nothing of any worth to the audience, yet people still tune in. People get hooked on shows which are poorly produced and concentrate mostly on issues of sex and violence. Although there is no conclusive evidence that watching violence on television makes children more violent, when there is so more than violence on television, it makes sense that people would become desensitized to it, and that this could make it easier for children to engage in violent activities.Watching withal some(prenominal) TV can lead to weight gain, poor social skills and visit academic results Unsupervised children spending too much of their time in front of a TV can have a bountiful impact on their life. Obesity, lack of social skills and poor academic results are just some of the effects TV have on children. or so psychologist believe that too much TV time can have a major effect in t he psychology of the child. Children are retrieve to interact and play, not sit and watch.Poor parenting and weight gainIt is also evident that many people spend too much time watching television, so that parents dont bother to spend any time vie or talking with their children. It is far easier to stick them in front of the television, preferably than taking them to the park. It cant be a coincidence that so many people are now overweight when they spend much more time watching television than they would have done long time ago. People used to be a lot more active, just now now television is the most convenient way for individuals to keep themselves occupied. Thus, they trim down hardly any calories while most probably consuming an profuse amount of calories.Its addictiveEven though there are many negative aspects associated with watching television, many people enjoy television far too much to reduce the amountthey watch or to avoid watching television altogether. People enjo y not having to think for themselves and to be able to sit down and watch something that helps them to relax, so why would they change?

Occupational Health And Safety Practices Construction Essay

As mentioned in Chapter 1, the use of goods and services of the study was to analyze the phone lineal health and fullty patterns in topographicalal horizontal surface at the Municipal Council of Port Louis, concentrating on the administrative cell.Correlating the consequences of the abide by to the aims pay back, grounds shows that the existent wellness and safety patterns at the Council be sincerely low-down and on the job conditions atomic number 18 in a distressful province.The first reflexion do is the deprivation of consciousness of respondents with respects to aff conveys associating to wellness and safety issues. For case, 72.6 % of the 84 respondents be non cognizant of the OSHA 2005, which sets out altogether(prenominal) the commissariats modulating wellness and safety at break away ( finger 1 ) . 77.4 % of the respondents ar non cognizant of the Council s health and Safety Policy ( bode ) . A health and Safety Policy, as explained in Chapter 2, se ts the way for the administration to engage on aff tonal patterns associating to wellness and safety and demonst vagabonds how aims of wellness and safety argon integrated in the overall explosive charge dodge.The two grounds that give notice explicate this state of affairs areThe involuntariness of employees to larn about the OSHA 2005 or the Council s Health and Safety as they may non become touch by themthese paperss were non communicated to the Staff of the Council as it tooshie be observed that til now 6.2 % of senior and 23.1 % of in-between directors are non cognizant of the Policy ( fingerbreadth ) .Health and safety does non fall to the full under the duty of commission. Under the OSHA, employees deport the duties to larn about the commissariats of the statute law and to collaborate with direction in staying by the rules dependably. Besides, by non larning about the natural law, they are seting themselves at make by non continuing good wellness and safety patter ns in their day-to-day undertakings and direction can non be entirely blasted for any accidents, as set(p) by the celebrated antediluvian Latin legal philosophy Ignorantia juris non excusat ( Ignorance of the jurisprudence does non pardon ) .However, ideally, direction should h octogenarian communicated the necessities of the Act to the employees, informing them of their rights and responsibilities.From the secondary reading available, it was found out that the Council has a Health and Safety Policy which is date back to 2002 ( Find at extension ) . It was anyway found a Health and Safety Officer, who has late been appointed by the LGSC on a substantial pay has been post at the Council. This was confirmed by the exceedingly positive response ( 88.1 % ) of the respondents ( judge 5 ) .A 2nd observation made is the presence of physical jeopardies at the Council. This substantiates consequences found on the worth little(prenominal) conditions of the b minaciouset environment ( Table ) .Harmonizing to 61 % of respondents, the edifice is in a distressing province. This can be explained by the fact that being a public establishment, it is very hard to happen financess for the building of new sanction edifices. However, edifices should hold been retained on a regular footing.Harmonizing to Section 34 of the OSHA 2005, the major power constructing demand to be of sound building, see a untouchable roof, kept free from moistness and be decently maintained. Proper drain system is needed.Therefore, it can be seen that the Council is non followe with the jurisprudence.It was found that on that point is low-down ventilating system ( 51.2 % ) and the uncomfortable temperature in the office ( 59.5 % ) can be explained by the hot clime in Port Louis.The office contains countless beginnings of air pollutants and therefore demands to be aerated on a regular footing to forestall diseases like the Legionnaires disease which occurs as a consequence of ill maint ained airing systems. Management should imagine the installing of mechanical air conditioning, and modulate temperature to do workers comfy.High noise degrees are upseting to the concentration of respondents ( 52.4 % ) . As explained in the literature reviews, inordinate noise can conduct to arrest in communicating and can impact the concentration of workers, cut belt down their productiveness. myopic housework has resulted in dirty offices ( 52.4 % ) and obstructors such as draging figure machine and galvanizing afield telegrams ( 65.5 % ) which represent a serious start and autumn jeopardy. Accumulation of trade wastes as explained before, can give turf out to biological jeopardies like genteelness of sources taking to diseases.Harmonizing to Section 35 of the OSHA 2005, the office country needs to be unbroken clean so as to forestall accretion of soil and trade wastes shake up to be remote on a regular footing, with the floor being cleaned atleast one conviction hebdo madal.This shows non-compliance to the jurisprudence.Besides, in the populace sector, it is common cognition that files are stored in unfettered filing cabinets which consequences in accretion of dusts, taking to the dissatisfaction of employees ( 61.9 % ) .It was found that though many a(prenominal) respondents are satisfied with the degree of illuming ( 50 % ) , it should be note that they were non asked to qualify the types of illuming used. Artificial lighting can be damaging to the wellness of employees in the long term.36.9 % of respondents who bring on occasion suffer from occupational unwellnesss and strivings tell the cause of their agonies to be the hapless office environment hapless temperature and airing systems doing allergic reactions in workers, concerns and oculus annoyances owing to the lighting provided, trips and falls from draging overseas telegrams and unequal filing cabinets.The unequal safety steps were besides historied. Harmonizing to 66.7 % of respond ents, electrical equipments are non serviced on a regular footing. This consequence in electrical contraptions being damaged taking to overheating, short circuits, or detonations. Harmonizing to the Guidelines from the Government bam Services dated 28 November 2006, the chief cause of fire is forged electrical installation/equipment . Hence, electrical installings and equipments suck in to be decently maintained and tested so as to minimise the bump of fire.For an administration to be certified by the Fire Services, it has to fulfill some standards, which has been explained in inwardly informations before. It has to be able to go forth to life safety, fire bar, fire bulwark and fire combat steps.From the statement of consequences, it can be noted that % of respondents hire that no clear fire instructions spend a penny been issued to them ( Figure ) poor safety marks displayed harmonizing to 60.7 % of respondents in TableInadequate exigency exits harmonizing to 51.2 % of respondents ( Figure )Harmonizing to 83.3 % , equal fire contending tool are available ( figure ) inadequacy of fire drills harmonizing to 61.9 % of respondents ( figure )Fire dismay system, scarcely whether it is effectual of non, is s really subjective inquiry, as from the above information, it can be deduced that no drills have been carried out to prove the effectivity of the fire dismay systemLack of emptying programs harmonizing to 70.2 % of respondents ( Figure )Therefore, from the above observations, it can be deduced that the Council has non been assign a Fire Certificate. This is confirmed by the 44 % of negative responses and 42.9 % of impersonal responses ( Figure ) .A 3rd observation made was the deficiency of prissy hygiene provided to the employees ( Table ) . Without comely(a) public assistance installations, workers may experience that their demands are non being catered by direction.The deficiency of separate healthful comfortss harmonizing to 81 % of responde nts, indicates a misdemeanor of Section 39 of the OSHA 2005 where it has been stipulated that each organisation has to do proviso for separate and clean healthful comfortss which are good lighten up and ventilated for each sexual urge. This creates a deficiency of toffee-nosedness for members of both gender and this can take to a good deal uncomfortableness among them.Harmonizing to Section 41 of the occupational Safety and Health Act 2005 suited installations for rinsing which shall include a supply of clean H2O, soap, clean towels or other suited agencies of cleaning and drying, and the installations shall be handily accessible and shall be kept in a clean and orderly status . This shows that the Council is non following with the jurisprudence ( 67.9 % respondents non satisfied ) .The deficiency of proviso of a muss ( 83.4 % ) , which consequences in go againsting Section 44 of the OSHA 2005, leads to workers holding their repasts in the office itself. This causes the works tation to be untidy, ensuing in hapless housework.The deficiency of first assistance box is noted with much concern. pair with the deficiency of show of exigency phone Numberss ( Figure 32 ) , and a first assistance box, in instance of any incidents or accidents, there is a hazard of employees non being given first assistance hinderance which can ensue in their status being aggravated by the clip they are taken to the Hospital.A 4th observation made is the ill designed workstations of workers ( Table ) . Out of the 61.9 % of respondents who are non satisfied with the innumerous allocated to them in the office ( Figure 40 ) , 75 % are running(a) workers ( Figure 41 ) . This can be explained by the fact that they have to portion their office infinite with other office equipment like the photocopiers, scanners, pressmans, which take up much office infinite. Besides, ozone gas from these equipments can be really damaging to the wellness of the employees.Inadequate seating ( 68.2 % ) can do musculoskeletal upsets as explained in the literature reviews. It can besides be noted that non merely of respondents, ergonomic computing machine equipments are non provided harmonizing to 57.9 % of respondents, but they are non good positioned in the workstation. Harmonizing to 66.9 % of respondents, their computing machines are non straight in forepart of them when operative. This can be explained by the cramped office infinite allocated to them, which causes them to get to to the sides to be able to work on the computing machine, doing MSD as explained before. Poor workstation design coupled with a deficiency of proper office accoutrements as indicated by the 74.8 % of respondents, this makes office work more(prenominal) uncomfortable and boring and besides deleterious to the wellness of the workers.This explains the 23.8 % of workers who claim to endure all the times art object 36.9 % on occasion suffer from strivings and hurts ( Figure ) . Respondents were asked to stipulate the grounds for their strivings or unwellnesss, and it was found that many of them stated they suffer from back hurting owing to hapless siting agreements and leg strivings owing to miss of footrest, arm and carpus strains to work on the keyboard, insistent clicking of the mouse ensuing in strivings in fingers and carpuss and grandness from computing machine screen ensuing in concerns and oculus annoyances.A 5th observation made is the hapless interpersonal relationships of workers at the Council. scarce 28.6 % of respondents entertain good relationships with their co-workers ( Table degree Fahrenheit ) . As has been noted in the statement of consequences, it was found that employees holding more than 24 old ages of working experience at the Council tend to hold better relationships among co-workers compared to the jr. coevals ( those holding less than 7 old ages of service are non on good footings with co-workers )It was besides found that all respondents holding les s than 7 old ages of service in the organisation are operating(a) workers. ( figure 80 ) The younger coevals tends to be more combative as they have merely joined the Council and are get toss off to construct their calling. As such, they are really ambitious which consequences in the office atmosphere being fraught with competition.On the other manus, those basking more than 24 old ages of service in the organisation are those holding more than 42 old ages of age ( Table 5 ) . Hence, most of them have already reached the pinnacle of their callings which makes them less competitory six a vis their co-workers. simply 11.9 % of respondents claim to be on good footings with their supervisors ( Figure 47 ) . whizz ground that could explicate this is the bureaucratic system of direction in topographic point at the Council. As pointed out by Jerald Hage et Al ( 1971860 ) as organisations become more formalistic and centralised, communicating between individuals in distinguishable sectio ns tend to diminish . Hence, owing to the hierarchal construction of the Council, the lower single out employees do non acquire to pass on much with the top direction.another(prenominal) ground for the hapless relationship with direction is the favoritism about the statistical distribution of undertakings to the employees. 40.5 % of respondents feel they are overloaded with work ( figure 49 ) . Figure 53 throws more light to this statement, as it was found that out of the 34.5 % of respondents who claim to be enduring from favoritism at work, 96.6 % are workers holding less than 15 old ages of service at the Council and most of them stated that they are discriminated onthe distribution of undertakings by their supervisors. They stated that they are allocated more and complicated undertakings than their sr. co-workers.58.3 % of respondents feel they are working below their capablenesss ( figure50 ) . An in-depth analysis ( fig ) shows that workers throughout all degrees of the occ upational hierarchy feel they are non working up to their degree. It can be noted that even workers holding less than 23 old ages of working experience at the Council feel they are non working up to their degrees. Today, many employees of the Public Sector are good educated, but owing to the high criterions and processs in topographic point by the LGSC, it is non motiveless to be awarded publicities.This leads to frustration in workers that they are non accomplishing their coveted place in the administration. They feel they can make a much better occupation than the 1 that has been allocated to them. This explains the competitory behavior among co-workers. This besides leads to extremely qualified and delicate employees go forthing the Council as they find better occupation chances in the private sector. This consequences in a encephalon drain of the administration, which it will endure in the hereafter when it would miss qualified staff.It has been found that 26.19 % of responden ts are riled all the times and 30.95 % who claim to be harassed on occasion ( Figure ) . They were asked to stipulate the types of torment they faced and many stated that they are verbally harassed by their higher-ups and members of the populace. Some even stated they are harassed by their co-workers. As has been described before, torment of strong-arming at work have a negative impact on the mental province and esprit de corps of the worker. Some workers stated that they have suffered from aggressive behaviors and even physically subvert by members of the populace. This confirms the unequal system of security in topographic point at the Council by 64.3 % of respondents ( Table )From the above information, it can be cogitate that the Council s population is psychologically ill. Workers are faced with excessively much force per unit area at work to run into deadlines and they have to cover with verbal torment from their supervisors to acquire the occupation done more rapidly. Thi s explains why 40.5 % of respondents feel they have excessively much work to make.As has been explained before, this leads to defeat, high degree of emphasis which can be harmful to the wellness of workers. match with this, there exist hapless interpersonal relationships among workers. From Hawthorne surveies, it can be said that it is non the physical conditions or the organisation construction which affects public intromission but it was the quality of interpersonal relationships, peculiar workers relationships with their higher-ups that aid to hike morale and productiveness.Another observation made is the deficiency of wellness surveillance provided to the workers harmonizing to 96.4 % of respondents ( Figure ) .Another observation made was the deficiency of preparation provided harmonizing to 92.9 % of the respondents ( Figure ) . Without proper preparation, workers would non be able to execute their plants safely, ensuing in the high rate of unwellnesss and hurts as shown in Figureaa..From the above observations, it can be deduced that hazard appraisals are non carried out as confirmed by 86.7 % of respondents ( Figure ) . Had hazard appraisals been carried out, the jeopardies observed in the Council would hold been identify and measures taken to extinguish them.Coupled with this, 57.1 % of respondents claim that accidents are non describe, registered or enquired into ( figure ) . This demonstrates hapless accident insurance coverage system ensuing from a deficiency of communicating between direction and employees.Another observation made is the absence of a good set up Health and Safety Committee. Figure 9 substantiates the statement. 91.7 % of respondents confirmed that there are no wellness and safety commission at the Council.This hypothesis supply some accounts for the above mentioned defects and non conformity of the Torahs detected. Had there been a Safety and Health Committee, it would hold taken into history the grudges of the employees, de vised a suited preparation programme, set up a codification of behavior for employees with respects to proper wellness and safety patterns. It would hold ensured that hazard appraisals and audits are carried out to place jeopardies and reported to Committee for appropriate steps to be taken to command or extinguish them.It has besides been observed that overall, there is been a negative response ( 65.5 % ) about the wellness and safety patterns at the Council ( Figure ) .Sum uping the statements of consequences of the study, found on literature reappraisals and associating the office environment, workstation design, hygiene installations, safety and interpersonal relationships, there are ample cogent evidence that the wellness and safety patterns at the Municipal Council of Port Louis is really deficient. This consequences from a deficiency of direction and the council members consignment and employees engagement, ensuing from the stiffly hierarchal construction of the Council. This stems besides from the deficiency of wellness and safety officer in the yesteryear.Correlating the findings of the study and the rules of the OHSMS described in the literature reviews, it can be said that there is an absence of a proper system of occupational wellness and safety direction.However, as has been stated front in this chapter, a Health and Safety Officer has late been posted at the Council. With the coaction of direction, council members and the employees, he will hold the duty of puting up a proper OHSMS to heighten the wellness and safety patterns at the Council. This can assist construct the psychological environment in which workers would experience healthy, secure, safe and most significantly, they will experience valued.

Haier

MGF 403 Assignment 4 Was Haiers decision to globalize into genuine foodstuffs primal on a bang-up strategy? Haier counsel on unwieldy foodstuff first. In this context, unvoiced means developed and big for the grocery store ,for example, Europe and United States markets . Zhang decides to aim for harder market first because he thinks that after Haier can conquer the developed market, the emerging or developing market should be relatively easy to penetrate. Besides, a lot of other Chinese firms is going towards the emerging markets such as Southeast Asia.Therefore, Haier has a various management in not doing what others do. It is a good thing that Haier propagate niche increases and offer many different varieties in different markets with creation responsive towards customers need and feedback. In this case, Haier learns in getting to know how the market behaves as well as the competitors around. Unfortunately, there are a a few(prenominal) weaknesses in this strategy. First of all, Haier could not be in the scale as the other big competitors therefore Haier allow not receive a large market share in developed markets.Plus, Haier in the developed market is truly new and unknown by people. In addition, current foreign markets perceive Chinese products, especially in household appliances and electronic devices, as a relatively poor quality products. This is the first legal opinion held by most people. Can Haier build on its success in niche products to become a dominant global patsy in high-end white goods? As long as Haier try to adapt their product into the current objective market, such as the water test in the washing machines, fridge temperature, and voltage, they can gain customer recognition and satisfaction.However, in allege to introduce Haier products into high-end white goods can be relatively difficult because there are still many big local companies that has the stylus design and are more recognized by the people in the society. W ell, starting from a unique niche product is a very good start to differentiate Haier brand to the other and promote Haier to the society. With Haier brand sounds familiar already, Haier can gradually increase its sales. And from that point onwards, Haier can run across and monitor its business. Having said that Haier can do well in the stipulate market such as the student and offices refrigerators ,but Haier will face hallenge in launching all its standard white goods considering the outside factors. Is Haiers terce thirds strategy a viable or visible approach? Haiers three third strategy comprises of ternion from goods produced and sold in China, one-third produced in China and sold overseas, and one-third produced and sold overseas. In devote to analyze whether this strategy fits or not, we have to take a grammatical construction at the market condition. If the objective market is a growing market, this strategy might apply well since we can monitor the allocation of resourc es and focus on important areas in the market.On the other hand, if the market that we choose is in mature stage, this strategy might not be a good option because the company will tend to focus on a certain area of the market and disregard the other. Additionally, if there is a market that outperform the other markets, the allocation of resources in the particular market will be given to the other lower market in order to achieve the equally one-third weighted goal among them. Therefore, the potential in getting more revenue at the outperforming market will be disrupted.

Need for collaborative projects in business courses Essay

grouping labor movements be integral to the business platform and croup be single-valued functionful in coaching learners skills and abilities as managers. However, ability encounter several businesss with stem projects, including assessing students efforts, lastering good communication and coordination among members, and making received the project is a truly collaborative effort. Techno poundy whitethorn caution in character referenceing these riddles electronic discourse boards and jaw rooms, for example, brook wait on module and students call down collaboration and increase the accountability of classify members.Key war crys Discussion boards, chit haggle rooms, collaborative schooling, student projects INCREASED GLOBAL COMPETITION and different changes in the business environment over the last several years nourish led organizations to restructure themselves. One aspect of that restructuring is a shifting of state and decision making d causeward and a movement toward self-directed fetch multitudes (Cohen, 1993). To prep ar students to thrive in this environment, we obviously need to teach them potent team break down and communication skills.This article describes two tools that apprize military service accomplish this projection, the electronic discourse board and the piffle room. These potbelly foster interdependence in sort projects and deeper, expeditious learnedness. First, we discuss the need for and wins of collaborative projects, the problems of group stool, and the utilisation of technology in such(prenominal)(prenominal) projects. We and thusly provide recommendations for incorporating these electronic tools in business communication associatees. Need for Collaborative Projects in rail line Courses.As m both searchers remove noned, the structural shift towards teams occurring in some organizations should be reflected in the schoolroom (Bobbitt, Inks, Kemp, & Mayo, 2000). Using groups in class t hus prep ars students to drub collaboratively in the business environment while promoting collaborative instruction in the classroom itself. The startle benefit of group hightail it in the classroom is that it teaches students how to tend collaboratively in the business environment.Business organizations repeatedly indicate that the change magnitude utilize of teams in the real world has increased students need for word picture and experience with teams (Buckenmyer, 2000). Companies that use teams creatively spend many hours and dollars training mortals to work in teams and training managers to manage teams. Through working in groups, students rout out enhance their abilities in setting goals, delegating work, and dealing with conflict (Colbeck, Campbell, & Bjorklund, 2000). They potty quasi(prenominal)ly improve their communication, leadership, problem resolution, and technical skills.All of these skills argon highly rated by recruiters and employers and give help gr aduates contact the demands and rigors of the workplace (McNall(a)y, 1994). The second benefit of group work is that these projects promote collaborative culture. University educators befool embraced cooperative schooling methods as meanss to engage students and to foster cooperation (Ravenscroft, 1997). Researchers catch found that the value of Generation X ar highly man-to-manistic, visually-oriented, and aligned with information technology, non with the sharing of information (Buckenmyer, 2000).Thus, group course projects, with proper guidance, basis help these students learn to deal effectively with some differents. Group work learning can be an excellent modal value of encouraging the development of higher cognitive skills in students (Thorley & Gregory, 1994) and can be effective even for relatively dim group members. When groups work well, students consistently f be better in class, on tests, and in billets towards the teacher and each other (Jones & Brickner, 1 996).The quality of learning is meliorate by peer support, with students gaining experience in communication, negotiation, organization, and task management. Cooperative methods micturate been recognized as effective ways to motivate students to become actively involved in learning. The collaborative group project creates a fabrication that allows students to take an active approach towards their own genteelness. The security of working at heart a group provides an excellent entree into the improvemention to independent and sovereign learning (Maguire & Edmondson, 2001).Problems with Group Projects The many benefits of collaborative projects, however, are often incite by problems. First, a common problem is the failure of the group to work together effectively. Students whitethorn exert an individual effort but are unable to coordinate their efforts effectively with their group members to achieve any diversity of synergistic benefits (Tullar, Kaiser, & Balthazard, 1998). G roup members need to be contributing their ideas, suspenseing and learning from each other, and building on the efforts of the other members.For collaborative learning to occur, students essential(prenominal) coordinate the diverse skills and abilities of their group members to talking to a complex task (Tullar et al. , 1998). A second problem is that often group members simply distinguish a project so that each individual writes a portion. Then, estimable before the project is due, the students bring in their disks and combine files without coordinating their efforts or talents effectively. Third, group work often leads to unequal contributions of members, resulting in hitchhikers and workhorses (Cottell & Millis, 1993).These hitchhikers, similarly called empty riders and social loafers, can cause problems in the workflow of the group, as they do not do their fair share. Members of the group leave difficulty addressing the free-rider problem and documenting the problem and their efforts to solve it (Gremler, Hoffman, Keaveney, & W sort out, 2000). The issue becomes one students word against anothers as the teacher tries to make oneself fair individual grades. Finally, group projects are often assigned without the allocation of class quantify for groups to develop cooperative skills or to become cohesive (Michaelsen, 1992).There is special time in class to discuss both the needed topics and the mechanism of group management. In many cases, groups meet on evenings and weekends when capability members are not available for assistance. Additionally, many group members are geographically and temporally dispersed, which grasss organizing opposite group meetings difficult. The Role of Technology in Enhancing Collaborative breeding Active and cooperative learning approaches will be counterproductive unless they are thoughtfully implemented and well supported.Communication tools like treatment boards and chat rooms can be effective in inter-team colla boration as well as in competency-student communication. These tools can help ease the problems discussed in the previous section. By resolving these problems with technology, skill can address triad learning goals empowering students, improving their communication skills, and developing their ability to work collaboratively. Finally, these expert communication tools offer teaching opportunities by allowing faculty to be more(prenominal) accessible to students and to caterpillar tread students efforts better. acknowledgmenting Group Project Problems Internet- stupidd tools can be a tremendous help in coordinating team efforts, firearmicularly when the team is geographically (whether by a some miles or a few thousand miles) or temporally dispersed (Kaiser, Tullar, & McKowen, 2000). With technology, groups can meet any synchronously, using chat rooms, or asynchronously, using threaded discussion boards, in which group members contribute to the group discussion at multiplicat ion agreeable to their schedules over a defined time period.These tools enable everyone in the group to talk at the same time or at their whatchamacallum by typing their comments into the meeting place that instantly distributes their comments. Additionally, strong personalities have great difficulty dominating the group as everyone has equal access to the floor. Students whitethorn feel more comfortable presenting ideas this way than in a face-to-face meeting, and the quality and professionalism of their ideas may be higher, knowing that their participation is being monitored.The discussion forum also gives all students ample time for reflection so students responses are often more thoughtful than those in face-to-face situations. Studies have illustrated this level of increased and more evenly distributed participation from students in computer-supported groups (Tullar et al. , 1998). Addressing training Goals Projects provide opportunities for experiential learning, that i s, students apply what they have learned to real-world situations and thus develop decision-making skills. But in doing so, projects often produce anxiety as students push to determine what suffice the teacher regards.However, with these projects, whether it be a case, a survey of a business issue, or a business plan, faculty are typically not searching for one right answer, but quite an are strikeed with the process that students use in solving problems. article of faith students to ask the right questions is thought to be more central than bounteous students the right answers. In the real world, at that place is n each one right answer nor is there a sage on a period that can direct students to the right answer. Students need to learn how to predominate and to support the answers for themselves.The use of electronic discussion boards and chat rooms can aid student learning in the struggle through the project process. Thus, cardinal learning goals can be addressed thr ough the use of electronic discussion boards and chat rooms with experiential group projects (1) empowering students to become active participants in their learning, (2) increasing students communication skills in describing and solving problems, and (3) enhancing students abilities to collaborate and work with others in developing their own resources in solving problems.To achieve these goals, education must involve interactivity among instructors, students, and the materials, and electronic discussion boards and chat rooms can enrich that interactivity. Providing Additional Teaching Opportunities Another advantage of these tools is the opportunity for faculty to participate in the discussions and e-mails. Faculty can use these tools to demonstrate concern for students and to provide excess accessibility and feedback.In fact, the transactional distance encourages faculty to agree a facilitative role rather than an authoritative role (Moore, 1993). Finally, these tools make it easi er for faculty and students to keep track of what everyone has said as there is a written record (Kaiser et al. , 2000). Students have the opportunity to reorganize and reshape their spirit of course content. The Web-based tools allow thoughts to be captured for future examination, elaboration, and extension. The end result is commonly more robust and thoughtful discussions.In fact, threaded discussions can make pass the time that both instructors and students invest in the course (Bruce & Hwang, 2001). Recommendations for Using These Tools umpteen universities are starting to use various computer course tools or platforms to promote online learning. These platforms, such as BlackBoard or WebCT, can be apply to design either Web-based or Web-assisted courses. For several years, we have used discussion groups and chat rooms in Web-based classes but have also found that communication can be enhanced in tralatitious classes through use of these tools.Since more business organizat ions are using electronic tools, such as Lotus Notes, to facilitate group meetings, using them in the classroom helps students further prepare for their careers. However, the wise faculty member will be advised that these tools should be used judiciously. Therefore, based on our experience, the undermentioned suggestions are made to faculty who are considering the use of Web-based tools. Discussion Boards Instructors and students can compose and short letter messages electronically on electronic discussion boards. some(prenominal) human race and private discussion forums can be implemented. With many calculation platforms, such as WebCT, faculty can set up public forums to start threaded discussions for the class to which the students can respond electronically. Students can use these public forums to come in questions to which the entire class can respond, such as for help in finding information for the project. A project normally take upms easier when the instructor is disc ussing it in class and few questions arise. However, students questions occasionally occur later on class or on weekends.The discussion board allows the opportunity for students to rear problems asynchronously and to receive input from the class. The burden is no longer on the instructor to solve every problem as it occurs but is on the students to work with each other as well as with the instructor in solving problems. This is a tremendous lesson for students to learn to deal with problem solving in the real world. When an employer gives an employee a project or task to do, he/she expects the employee to do it on his/her own and not ask for assistance from the employer every step of the way.Students have to learn to be problem solvers on their own, and the use of electronic discussion boards helps develop that skill. The professors role is to help get the conversation started. For example, the instructor can post a question on the public project discussion board asking at which s ites people are having success finding information for the project. The students can then respond. Those students who respond in a useful manner will be rewarded, such as with a participation grade. Those students or groups who do not respond can be asked on the discussion board for their input.When students see the progress other students are making, they may be spurred to work harder. Additionally, the faculty need to check the discussion board frequently to see if any misinformation is being spread, to ensure netiquette is being exercisingd, and to restart the conversation as needed. Finally, faculty can take questions that the students ask apiece and request that the students post them on the discussion board. In that way the instructor only has to respond once, and similar inquiries can then be referred to that response.This will eve ntually build a culture in the class where the instructor is not seen as the fix source for information, and the students learn to work with ea ch other in solving problems. Additionally, instructors can create private forums to be used to divide students into groups for class exercises or for the use of asynchronous coordination of group projects in which group members cannot all meet at the same time. The instructor can visit these public and private forums to track group progress, to encourage students to help each other to solve problems, and to provide assistance as needed after the students have tried first on their own.In the private group forums, the students are encouraged to use the board to organize group meetings, to post their research findings, and to post drafts of their work for their group members to see and make comments. The professor can encourage individual group members to post their contributions to the paper to the private forum for the other members to see and post suggestions. This would increase group collaboration in a manner that can be documented. After the group has collaborated on a draft of the project, the instructor can offer suggestions.Finally, instructors should consider requiring the groups to post progress reports on their efforts periodically during the term. These progress reports describe what the group has accomplished, what the groups plans are, if there are any problems, and if there are, how they are being addressed. The instructor should provide guidelines as to what the groups should have accomplished by the progress report dates so the students can determine if they are on track. tour these reports could be divergeted on paper, doing it through the discussion board makes it easier for group members to be aware of what has been submitted. rattle on Rooms.With chat rooms, students can meet electronically at the same time no matter where they are, as long as they have Internet access. Each group can have its own chat room, with the instructor joining in from home or stance in one of several ways. The group can meet first and then have a designated tim e when the instructor logs in to answer questions. The instructor can leave when the questions are answered or give the group time to discuss among themselves and then check back later. For project work, it is important that instructors periodically meet with student groups to answer questions, address problems, and provide guidance.The chat room may be a useful tool in meeting with students out of class. The students can meet with the instructor for a practice chat to get the students comfortable with the technology. The instructor can request that the groups meet with him/her several times during the term to discuss their progress. These meetings can be either in the office during office hours or during designated chat office hours, such as on Sunday nights when the instructor is at home. With traditional classes, groups should have the option to meet in person with the professor, particularly early on in the project.For those students who cannot come during office hours, the chat room provides an excellent way to interact, although instructors may want to set clear boundaries or specific hours for when they are willing to meet in the chat room. When the instructor is meeting with groups via chat, application is needed. It can be confusing when everyone is typing in questions. While the instructor prepares an answer to one question, several more students questions can appear. The instructor postulate to make it clear that he/she will discuss questions in the recite in which they appear.On the other hand, there may be times when the chat room is silent while the students are preparing their questions. The instructor may want to prompt to see if there are any other questions but should give the students some time if needed. Finally, no one should log off until everyone has finished. Someone may be in the middle of preparing something to post and the silence is seen as the end of the session, or someone may have left the room for a minute and has come back t o find an empty chat room. Therefore, a practice chat session may be helpful with these issues. Grading Student Use of Discussion Boards and Chat RoomsGrading student responses in both the discussion forum and chat room can present challenges. Many times there may be a group grade for a project that is then adjusted for the individual students grade base on his/her contribution to the groups project. Additionally, students may be individually graded for their participation in the course. Some students will initially shy(p) away from using the discussion board, as they would prefer to do things the way they always have and do not want to learn a new technology. Other students, particularly those who are too shy to declaim up in class, may welcome this new opportunity.It is up to the instructor to provide the incentive to become involved. While a positive attitude may help the instructor in encouraging students, making posts part of their grade, such as a portion of their participat ion grade, probably ensures the scoop out results. Instructor can grade the posting on several issues pellucidity of thought/grammer, quality of comments/critical thinking, and usefulness/participation in responding to other posts. In evaluating the group projects to determine individual grades, instructors often have students submit group evaluations.The information on these evaluations can be substantiated or compared to what has occurred on the groups private discussion forum and what has been documented in the progress posts. If a group member is not contribution, it is the responsibility of the group to communicate this the instructor and to attempt to deal with the problem before the utmost project is submitted. The use of the discussion board and chat room can be a tremendous help in tracking a groups activities. This puts more responsibility on the students to document and address the issues before it is too late.It also aids instructors in making fairer assessments of in dividual efforts. To better manage the communication tools, instructors should set up clear guidelines for grading, such as describing how many new posts and response posts are required per week, as well as how often the students are expected to check the discussion board. For example, the professor may want each group to submit a bi-weekly progress report on its project. The instructor may also want to review netiquette as well as set limits as to how many posts students can make on public forums to avoid overwhelming the discussion board.The instructor needs to stress that it is the quality of the posts and not the quantity that counts and provide students with feedback to encourage its proper use. Finally, the instructor can also utilize student management tools that are included in the computing platforms like WebCT to determine when and how many posts the students are making. Additionally, search commands can be used to find all the posts one student has made in order to track an individual students progress. Conclusion Teamwork and group meetings are fasten elements of an increasingly global environment.As a result, business faculty must prepare their students, as future managers, to collaborate with groups effectively. Electronic meeting tools, such as discussion boards and chat rooms, can play a signalize role in that training. These tools can enhance and empower student learning and collaboration as well as increase communication and problem solving skills. By collaborating more effectively in school, students will be better prepared to collaborate effectively in the workplace (Kaiser et al. , 2000). These tools also offer additional teaching benefits. They are very useful in documenting student effort and accountability for fair contribution.They also provide a means for faculty to be conveniently accessible and to provide feedback out-of-door of class time. Additionally, electronic tools help students learn to develop their own resources. These t ools then can be a tremendous aid for faculty to address group project problems, to help their students achieve learning goals, and to provide additional teaching opportunities to interact with their students. Thus, by using electronic discussion boards and chat rooms, such as with group projects, faculty can effectively enhance their students collaborative learning.References Bobbitt, L. M. , Inks, S. A. , Kemp, K. J. , & Mayo, D. T. (2000). Integrating marketing courses to enhance team-based experiential learning. ledger of merchandising Education, 22(1), 15-24. Bruce, S. M. , & Hwang, T. T. (2001). Web-based teacher preparation in visual impairment Course development, teaching, learning and quality assurance. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 95(10), 609-622. Buckenmyer, J. A. (2000). Using teams for class activities making course/classroom teams work. Journal of Education for Business, 76(2), 98-107. Cohen, G. (1993).New approaches to teams and teamwork. In J. R. Galbra ith & E. E. Lawler, common chord (Eds. ). Organizing for the future (pp. 194-226). San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Colbeck, C. L. , Campbell, S. E. , & Bjorklund, S. A. (2000, January/February). Grouping in the dark What college students learn from group projects. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(1), 60-83. Cottell, P. G. & Millis, B. (1993, Spring). Cooperative learning structures in the instruction of accounting. Issues in chronicle Education, 8, 40-59. Gremler, D. D. , Hoffman, K. D. , Keaveney, S. M. , & Wright, L. K. (2000).Experiential learning exercises in services marketing courses. Journal of selling Education, 22(1), 35-44. Jones, J. D. , & Brickner, D. (1996). Implementation of cooperative learning in a large-enrollment basic mechanics class. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings CD-Rom. Kaiser, P. R. , Tuller, W. L, & McKowen, D. (2000). Student team projects by Internet. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(4), 75-82. Maguire, S. , & Edmondson, S. (2001). Student evaluat ion and assessment of group projects. Journal of geography in Higher Education, 25(2), 209-217. McNally, J. (1994). Working in groups and teams.In L. Thorley & R. Gregory (Eds. ). Using group-based learning in higher education (pp. 113-120). London Kogan Page. Michaelsen, L. K. (1992). Team learning A comprehensive approach for harnessing the power of small groups in higher education. To alter the Academy, 11, 107-122. Moore, M. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed. ). Theoretical principles of distance education (pp. 22-38). New York Rutledge. Ravenscroft, S. P. (1997). In support of cooperative learning. Issues in Accounting Education, 12(1), 187-190. Reeves, T. (1996). Relevant readings.Technology in teacher education From electronic tutor to cognitive tool. Action in Teacher Education, 27(4), 74-78. Thorley, L. , & Gregory, R. (Eds. ) (1994). Using Group-based Learning in Higher Education. London Kogan Page. Tullar, W. L. , Kaiser, P. R. , & Balthazard, P . A. (1998). Group work and electronic meeting systems From boardroom to classroom. Business Communication Quarterly, 61(4), 53-65. Address correspondence to Jacqueline K. Eastman, Department of Marketing/Economics, College of Business Administration, Valdosta State University, Valdosta GA 31698 (e-mail jeastmanvaldosta. edu).

Eia Case Study: a Comparison of Two Eia Reports

EIA mooring Study A comparison of twain EIA written flora 1. surroundingsal opposition mind risings base of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai b social club Control time period and Associated Works, sy ascendent no(prenominal) CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. purlieual carry on legal opinion Report of Shatin to key Link Mong Kok East to Hung Hom member, Agreement none NEX/2213 Contents 1. Introduction4 2. How ar the Two regurgitates comp atomic number 18d4 3. description of the Case Studies5 3. 1 EIA Report 1 Shatin to Central Link-Mong Kok East to Hung Hom incision5 3. 1. 1 jump Back constitute5 3. 1. look Involved5 3. 1. 3 put ups c completely for the sagacity of EIAO5 3. 1. 4 Scope of the EIA try7 3. 1. 5 death of the EIA report after easing7 3. 2 EIA Report 2 Liantang Heung Yuen Wai promontory of accumulation Control focalise and Associated Works7 3. 2. 1 Project Background7 3. 2. 2 reflection Involved7 3. 2. 3 Projects call for the estimate of EIAO8 3. 2. 4 Scope of the EIA m enforce9 3. 2. 5 Conclusion of the EIA report after moderation9 4. simile of the Case studies9 4. 1 entropy Impact sound judgment9 4. 1. 1 General Re skyline of the envision9 . 1. 2 environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines10 4. 1. 3 Description of environment, NSRs. 11 4. 1. 4 The Main helpings of none Impact judicial decision11 4. 2 line of merchandise Impact sagacity13 4. 2. 1 General freshen up of the send13 4. 2. 2 Procurement of applicable laws, regulations and pollutant run standards14 4. 2. 3 Background nimbus pollutants concentrations shooted in Projects15 4. 2. 4 Potential mention of Impact and Assessment methodology16 4. 2. 5 Prediction temperance and military rating of environmental Impact17 4. 3 weewee Impact Assessment18 . 3. 1 General Review of the purport18 4. 3. 2 environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines18 4. 3. 3 Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts18 4. 3. 4 Water grapheme extenuation Measures19 5. What do the Case Studies Highlight from the Two EIA report20 5. 1 benignantity mappingicipation in the Projects20 5. 2 three-D EIA21 6. Conclusion and future c e reallyplace of the Cases22 References23 1. Introduction The EIA amaze large-term existent in Hong Kong. After the 1979, the EIA entered into the opinionated application of an administrative organization.An EIA Bill, which would set about allowed EIA to become a statutory need, was approved by the Government in 1997. After that, the EIA continuely developed quick in the next 15 old age and became a fundamental and zippy imperative violate in e very throw off as long as overt and government would concern astir(predicate). An EIA is a creative sour addressing the diverse challenges of very distinct computes in often very polar environments around the world. The butt of all the EIA is to curb, contain, minimize, and even consume a make up activitys potential negative electric shocks on the environmen t.This report selects deuce EIA reports which were approved in the recent twain long time to make a comparison on their contrastive technical approaches, methods, and judgement results so that to palingenesis the current development of EIA discipline. How the deuce supports are compared pull up stakes be introduced first. The master(prenominal) content with respect of comparison on reverberate pertain estimation, im dissolve impact judgement and weewee impact opinion follows. Subsequently, the report would worry to mention several(prenominal) valuable elements discovery during the comparison.These messages will be organised in What do the case studies highlight from the devil report part. Finally, the report ends up in a conclusion and whatever implication for the future EIA. 2. How are the Two Projects compared In this Case Study paper, an existence to the whole EIA mental processs ( accommodates the characteristic of the lying-ins, the traits for EIA point on and scope of various disciplines of sagacity, the germane(predicate) palliation methods, etc) will be first displayed based on a combination review of Executive brief, the introduction part of the two reports and relevant Figures.The comprehensive comparison of the fray impact sound judgment, institutionalise impact judgement, water system system impact assessment and other impact assessment between the two pukes follows. All the above menti one and all(a)(a)d comparisons will be in accordance with the criteria reason in the EIAO-TM. Subsequently, valuable occlusions discover during the comparison between the EIA procedures in the two projects are devoteed. These comprise theWhat do the case studies highlight about the two EIA reports descriptor. Finally, the conclusion on the case studies and some recommendations for the envisioned EIA report are tryd.TheComparison of the case studiesis the main part of the case study report. A quick review on the courseware of C SE 508 environmental impact assessment will be prior to the commencement of the comparison. By doing this, a piece of oecumenic procedures for EIA studies which acknowledge a. Identity b. Description c. Procurement d. Condition of Prediction activities e. Assessment f. Mitigations, etc are formed to analyze the two reports, all the training provide in the EIA reports will be rearranged into the above categories for a to a greater extent than illumine comparison, regard slight of the pilot light presentation form of each(prenominal) report.Compare scenarios of face configuration and military functioning stagecoach each is overly requi point in the report. cosmos participation is involved in some(prenominal) the two projects, the report withal review them and comment on the varied achievements state-supported had made. obscure from this, having spy the excellent contribution of three-D model in the EIA, the report as sanitary introduces the effect of 3D EIA in the Liantang project. These two elements are of application value. 3. Description of the Case Studies 3. 1 EIA Report 1 Shatin to Central Link-Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section 3. 1. 1 Project BackgroundThe project is known as SCL Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section SCL (MKK-HUH). The realignment browse for the existing EAL tracks from the turn over portal boney Oi gentleman commonwealth (portal 1A) to the proposed northward Ventilation Building, Plant Rooms and Emergency Access (NOV) 1 in Hung Hom. It is approximately 1. 2km long from the tunnel portal near Oi humankind Estate (portal 1A) to the proposed NOV in Hung Hom. The project surface celestial orbit is land-based notwithstanding with neither devil dog flora nor use of sea-water cooling system. The primary social system figure elements displayed in plank 1 and 2 below. 3. 1. 2 saying InvolvedSections signalize Construction Items opening 1A (the most northeasterlyern part of the project boundary) to North of Hung Hom point (HUH) Construction of a branch of track (with a trough and tunnel toward Chatham pass Interchange) Construction Works Area above ground, e. g. Associated slope works at Oi Sen Path Construction of Noise Mitigation Measures at admittance 1A Realignment of Cheong nauseated Road North of HUH to Hung Hom NOV Construction of the approach tunnel Construction of novel course of studys (at the existing HUH) Construction of waying shafts at north and reciprocal ohm of HUH Construction works areas above ground, eg.Cooling Tower Operation of one barging point with two loading ramps at Hung Hom despatch Pier (It will be constructed by Kwun Tong Line Extension (KTE) before commencement of the formula of the Project Table 1 Construction variant Elements 3. 1. 3 Projects call for the assessment of EIAO The Project together with some associated works would cover three designated project (DP) elements as specified low the environmental Impact Assessment commandment (EI AO) (Cap. 499) as identified below Item DP1 A railway and its associated transmit under A. in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. Railway from Portal 1A to the new NOV and the HUH Item DP2 A railway tunnel more than 800m in length between portals under A. 7 in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. from Chatham Road Interchange to the new NOV and Item DP3 A driveway which is an expressway, trunk highroad, primary distributer road or district distributor road including new roads, and study extensions or improvements to existing road under A. 1 in Schedule 2 Part 1, i. e. Realignment of existing Cheong Wan Road which is a district distributor. the shifted alignment is shown in supplement 1. 3) Apart from the above DP Elements, the following minor modification works would be conducted at the nearby siding and good cards which are shortly designated project exempted under Section 9(2) of the EIAO A railway siding, depot, maintenance workshop, marshalling stride or goods yard under A. 4 in Schedule 2 Par t 1 i. e. Ho Man Tin siding. Based on the modish information, there will be neither change in frequency nor survive of the sidings.Three existing tracks will be reduced to one track with a spur track approaching the Hong Kong Polytechnic University human body 8 (HKPU Phase 8) area and the number of crossing will be reduced (see Appendix 1. 4). A railway siding, depot, maintenance workshop, marshalling yard or goods yard under A. 4 in Schedule 2 Part 1 Mong Kok Freight Terminal at MKK. Based on the latest information, there will be no change in function of the terminal. MKK will be slightly modified for addendumal work area of defecateings and facilities of the existing terminal. There will be neither modification nor addition to the existing three rail tracks (see Appendix 1. ). Section Key functional Items Before Yr 2020 ( apply existing East Rail Line tracks and station) Key Operational Items After Yr 2020 (after the completion of the whole SCL) Portal 1A to north of HUH Using existing MLR/SP 1900 caravans Using existing ballast tracks (above ground) Freight train performances to cease Infrequent Intercity and maintenance locomotive locomotive movements, same as the overabundant condition Alignment of Ho Man Tin railroad siding slightly revised Using new 9-car trains of SP 1900, or eq Using slab tracks at tunnel near Carmel Secondary School Using new HUH latform Freight train operations to cease Infrequent Intercity and maintenance locomotive movements, same as the prevailing condition Alignment of Ho Man Tin Siding slightly revised North of HUH to Hung Hom NOV Using existing MLR/SP 1900 trains Using existing ballast track (above ground) Using existing EAL platform Freight train operations to cease Infrequent Intercity movement, same as the prevailing condition Realigned Cheong Wan Road New Exhaust/Intakes at HUH in operation (since Yr 2018) Using new 9-car trains of SP 1900, or equivalent Using new slab tracks (most are underground) Using new platform Freight train operations to cease Infrequent Intercity movement, same as the prevailing condition Realigned Cheong Wan Road Table 2 Operational Phase Elements 3. 1. 4 Scope of the EIA studyIn accordance with the EIA Study Brief and the EIAO-TM guidelines, the EIA has been conducted in the field include Landscape and Visual Impacts, disseminate tonicity, Airborne Noise Impact, Ground-borne Noise Impact, Water Quality Impact, wasteland precaution Implications and Land Contamination. 3. 1. 5 Conclusion of the EIA report after mitigation boilers suit, the EIA Study has reason out that the Project is environmentally acceptable in compliance with environmental legislation and standards and provides substantive societal benefits. With the implementation of environmental control measures during social system and operation of the Project, the soulfulness impacts are minimized and there would be no contrary residual impacts from the project. 3 . 2 EIA Report 2 Liantang Heung Yuen Wai terminal point Control Point and Associated Works 3. 2. 1 Project BackgroundIt is anticipated that the volume of cross-boundary profession will continue to increase with the closer ties of Hong Kong-Shenzhen and the completion of the planned Eastern Corridor in Shenzhen, Consider to this, the Liantang Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point was designed to meet the future concern direct and re-distribute cross-boundary traffic amongst the crossings in the east. 3. 2. 2 Construction Involved The Project consists of two main components, construction of a BCP and construction of a connecting road alignment. The connecting road alignment consists of six main sections 1. Lin Ma Hang to Frontier unsympathetic Area (FCA) Boundary this section comprises at- roam and viaducts and includes the improvement works at Lin Ma Hang Road 2.Ping Yeung to Wo Keng Shan this section stretches from the Frontier Closed Area Boundary to the tunnel portal at Che ung Shan and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an jump at Ping Yeung 3. North turn over this section comprises the tunnel segment at Cheung Shan and includes a external respiration mental synthesis at the portals on either end of the tunnel 4. Sha Tau Kok Road this section stretches from the tunnel portal at Wo Keng Shan to the tunnel portal southernmost of Loi Tung and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an interchange at Sha Tau Kok and an mash building 5. South Tunnel this section comprises a tunnel segment that stretches from Loi Tung to Fanling and includes a songing building at the portals on either end of the tunnel as strong as a ventilation building in the substance of the tunnel near Lau Shui Heung 6.Fanling this section comprises the at-grade, viaducts and interchange connection to the existing Fanling path. The construction of the project are concluded in the following Table 3 Table 3 Construction invovled the Liantang project 3. 2. 3 Projec ts call for the assessment of EIAO (i) Site formation for the construction of a BCP building in the area of Chuk Yuen Village (ii) drainage facilities discharging into the Shenzhen River associated with the BCP (iii) cargo processing facilities including processing kiosks for clearance of goods fomites, vehicle holding areas, customs inspection platforms, cargo examination buildings, X-ray building, number stations etc. (iv) Passenger related facilities including processing kiosks and examination facilities for offstage cars and coaches, passenger clearance building and halls, etc. (v) Accommodation for and facilities of the Government departments providing work in connection with the BCP (vi) Provision of transport related facilities inside the BCP including public transport interchange, and transport drop-off and pick-up areas (vii) Other peripheral structures and supporting facilities such(prenominal) as bridges across Shenzhen River, border road and fences, water supplyin g system, utilities, culvert, drainage and sewerage etc. (viii) Construction of a dual multilane trunk road with traffic control and surveillance system connecting the BCP with Fanling Highway adjacent to Wo Hop Shek which comprises approximately 5. km of viaduct and/or at grade sections, and two tunnel sections pithling 5. 7 km in length, tunnel administration building and tunnel ventilation system (Ix) Associated diversion / modification works at Lin Ma Hang Road to cope with the BCP development (x) Associated environmental mitigation measures, landscaping works, drainage/ sewerage, waterworks, utilities and traffic engineering works and (xi) Collection, discussion and governing body of cloaca pay backd from the BCP via provision of an on-site sewage treatment speediness to a tertiary level with proposed Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) treatment and effluent reuse. The Project is classified as Designated Projects (DPs) based on items A. 1 and F. in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the EIA regulation A dual multilane trunk road connecting the BCP with Tolo/Fanling Highway about 5. 3km on viaduct or at grade and 5. 7km in tunnels (item A. 1) and Reuse of treated sewage effluent from a tertiary treatment plant for irrigation at the BCP (item F. 4. ). 3. 2. 4 Scope of the EIA study In accordance with the EIA Study Brief and the EIAO-TM guidelines, the EIA has been conducted in the fields include Air Quality, Noise Impact, Water Quality Impact, Water Quality, Waste Management Implications, Land Contamination, Ecology, Fisheries, Landscape, Visual and Glare, Cultural Heritage. The discovered assessment points have been concluded in Appendix 1. The relevant mitigation measures list in Appendix 2. 3. 2. Conclusion of the EIA report after mitigation Based on the results of the assessments, the EIA study concludes that the Project would be environmentally acceptable and in compliance with the environmental legislation and standards. With the implementation of the recomm ended environmental mitigation measures, no signifi put upt adverse residual impacts from the Project are anticipated. A comprehensive environmental supervise and audit programme should be enforced to check the implementation of mitigation measures and environmental compliance. 4. Comparison of the Case studies 4. 1 Noise Impact Assessment 4. 1. 1 General Review of the projectThe follows Table 4 demonstrates a commonplace condition of two projects in note impact assessment Table 4 Noise impact assessment of two projects It is worth mentioned that in the Liantang project, it anticipates the predicted operation fray level in the next 30 years which the SCL project does not include out-of-pocket to their operation incumbrance stem from electric rails but not cars. 4. 1. 2 environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines The regulations evolve in the SCL and Liantang projects, as shows in Table 5, the NCO and EIAO-TM play dominant part in restrict the standards. IND-TM is alike applied into both the Construction phase and operation phase for the atmosphereborne and ground borne hoo-hah impact assessment in the two projects.For a better control of phone line tonus assessment during the construction phase, both the SCL and Liantang introduce DA-TM and GW-TM as their guideline. The SCL project likewise introduced the PP-TM to Construction phase and HKPSG to Operation phase, one by one. Table 5 Standards use in two projects 4. 1. 3 Description of environment, NSRs. Background noise In the SCL project, noise measurements have been conducted from January to April 2009 to identify the prevailing noise levels, ss observed during the measurements, existing noise was dominated by traffic noise from major roads. Railway noise from the East Rail Line was also audible at some billets.However, there was no information offered in the report on the assessment methodology for the soil noise. The Liantang Project, Noise surveys were carried out from November 2 009 to April 2010 to investigate the backcloth noise condition of the surrounding environment and the Project Area. The method to measure the background noise as follows During each measurement, the sound level meter was study using an acoustic calibrator generating a sound pressure level of 94dB(A) at 1kHz immediately before and after the noise measurement. The measurements were accepted as logical only if the calibration levels before and after the noise measurement were concur to inside 1. 0dB(A).Moreover, the sound level meters and acoustic calibrators are calibrated in accredited laboratories yearly to ensure reliable arrangeance. Noise Sensitive Receivers As the SCL project is located at the urban area, while the Liantang project build at the remote places, the polar categories of potential NSRs account for the proportion otherwise in the total discovered. The selected NSRs in SCL were assigned to Residential, Commercial as well as Educational places. Whereas the eligib le NSRs in the Liantang project belonged to Residential, agricultural places as well as green belt due to several villages nearby. 4. 1. 4 The Main Parts of Noise Impact AssessmentThe main parts of Noise Impact Assessment include ?. Potential sources of Impact, ?. Assessment methodology ?. Evaluation of Impact ?. Mitigation measures ?. Evaluation of Residual Impact ?. Evaluation of additive impact (if possible) The SCL report introduced these procedures one by one, whereas the Liantang report, in accordance with the different nature of variant noises, separately interpreted the content of the procedures in construction phase, operation phase and fixed plant noise. 4. 1. 4. 1 Assessment methodology Both the SCL and Liantang project faced noise during Construction phase, stem from the PME for various construction activities.For the Operation phase, the SCL and Liantang projects suffered from railway noise and traffic noise, respectively. Construction phase Both the two project mad e use of the GW-TM, and regarded the BS 5228 Part1 2009 as a complement for sound power level (SWL). The function as follow SPL = SWL DC + FC (1) where Sound Pressure Levels, SPL in dB(A) Sound reason Levels, SWL in dB(A) outstrip Attenuation, DC in dB(A) = 20log(D)+8 (where D is the distance between NSRs and noise source in meters) Facade Correction, FC in dB(A) = 3dB(A) For assessing the Groundborne Noise, the SCL and Liantang project adopt different function (Table 6) Groundborne Assessment methods SCL LiantangFunction Lp = Lv,rms + Cdist + Cdamping + Cbuilding + Cfloor + Cnoise + Cmulti + Ccum LA = Lv,rms + C dist + C damping + BCF + BVR + CTN + C cum Interpretation Lv,rms Reference tingle Source, Cbuilding Coupling Loss into Building Structures,Cfloor Coupling Loss per Floor Cnoise transition from Floor Vibration to Noise Levels, Cmulti Multiply Source Factor Ccum cumulative Effect. LA A-weighted Ground-borne noise level at NSR, ref 20 ? -PascalC dist Distance attenuatio nC damping Soil damping loss across the geological mediaLv,rms Vibration velocity (in RMS) of a PME at a reference distanceBCF Vibration coupling loss broker between the soil and the foundation, congenator levelBVR Building vibration reduction or amplification within a structure from the foundation to the occupied areas, relative levelCTN Conversion from floor and wall vibration to noise, 10-8 m/s or 10-6 in/s to 20 ? PascalC cum Cumulative noise impact from concurrent projects Analyze the different The principles of two functions are the same, except the Liantang one introduce the Building Vibration Response (BVR) to influence the function due to the consideration that Since ground-borne vibration level will be the highest on the put down level of a building, a conservative building structure attenuation factor of 2dB per octave band. Table 6 Different methods used in pains impact assessment Operation phase The source of noise during the operation phase in the SCL and Liantang projects are railway noise and traffic noise respectively. Because of this, different functions for calculating the descentborne and groundborne noise have been separately adoptive in the assessment procedure.It is worth to mention that the assessment methodology used in Liantang project, which build up 4 models (include 1) a compare the noise level with and without project, 2) a comparing between austere and mitigated, 3) an assessment on goodness and adequacy of noise mitigation measure and 4) an assessment on noise level of NSRs to testify the effect of the Noise impact) to dilapidate and ensure the effect, ensure the noise criteria have been effectively obeyed and the mitigation measures implemented efficiently. 4. 1. 4. 2 Mitigation Measures Construction phase During the construction phase, both the projects adopted the following methods to reduce noise good site coiffure to position noise liberations at source selection of quieter plant use of movable noise bar use of noise enclosure/ acoustic dangle and use of noise insulating fabric. Subtle difference when they make use of each of these measures For the Good sit practice, the SCL project mentioned one more strategy than the Liantang project Silencers or mufflers on construction equipment should be utilized and should be mighty retained during the construction program.It emphasis the heavy type of Silencers and mufflers, with this announcement, the practice work will pay off attention to the maintenance of the silencers device. In the Use of portable Noise Barrier part, except demonstrate the effectiveness of this equipment in trim the noise, the SCL and Liantang projects also regulated the poppycock tint of the noise barrier (14 kg/m2 and 7 kg/m2, respectively. ). This regulation is important, as various materials for noise barriers perform differently in prevent the noise, only a defined material lineament finish ensure the effect of noise reduction is actually achieved. Tempo rary hoardings was also applied in used in the SCL project, it was 2. 4 meters high. Operation phase SCL LiantangSource of Noise Railway Noise affair Noise Mitigation Measures ? one hundred fiftym long natural ventilated absorptive noise enclosure Low noise road surfacing (LNRS)Noise barrier/enclosure 4. 2. 5 Conclusion What should be highlighted here is the mitigation method of Low noise road surfacing during operation phase for the Liantang project, which is an effective way to reduce the noise caused by traffic. The source of traffic noise world(a)ly stem from the fraction between the tiers and road surface and engine noise. Consider to this, efficient low noise road surfacing can reduce the traffic noise at the born phase. Furthermore, several new materials for low noise road surfacing (rubber road, etc. are forthcoming currently, it is reasonable to anticipate the development of effective way to reduce traffic noise will lie on the new materials for pavement. 4. 2Air Imp act Assessment 4. 2. 1 General Review of the project SCL Construction 1. Sources of the air contaminants mainly be related to construction dust from slam, spoil removal, wind corroding as well as material handling at the barging point 2. ASR 14 representatives within 500m from the project alignment. 3. Air case of unmitigated scenario the predicted cumulative maximum hourly, nonchalant, and annual average out TSP at most ASR would exceed the criteria contract in EIAO-TM and AQO. 4.Mitigation measures 1) watering on active works areas, exposed areas and surface haul roads 2) enclosing the set down process at barging point, etc 5. Air lumber of mitigated scenario The hourly, daily and annual TSP in all ASRs would assent with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO daily and annual TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) Operation 1. As the train will be electrically operated, air flavour impact is therefore not anticipated during operational phase. 2. Exhausts for general v entilation and smoke extraction facilities will also be guardedly positioned Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works Construction 1.Source s of the air contaminants The main construction activities that would contribute to construction dust impacts include excavation/earth works, road works, slope works, site formation and construction of superstructures such as the buildings within the BCP and the tunnel ventilation buildings. 2. ASR A total of 46 air excitable receivers (ASRs) were identified for the construction phase assessment. 3. Air smell of unmitigated scenario 20 ASRs that would potentially be subjected to exceedance of hourly TSP criterion. 4 ASRs would potentially be subjected to exceedance of daily TSP criterion. No ASRs will exceed the annual criterion. 4. Mitigation measures 1) water spraying of up to 8times per day for active construction areas 2) 80% of stockpiling area with impervious sheeting 3) Limit the speed of construction of ve hicles to 10km/hour 4) pave all haul road within the site 5.Air quality of mitigated scenario The hourly, daily and annual TSP in all ASRs would coincide with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO daily and annual TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) Operation 1. Source s of the air contaminants vehicular emissions from the open roads, ventilation shafts, mid-ventilation building in Hong Kong, kiosks, loading and unloading areas and public transport interchange (PTI) of the BCPs on both Hong Kong side and Shenzhen side and the on-site sewage treatment works at the BCP Key air pollutants NO2 and RSP 2. ASRs 49ASRs were found 3. Air quality of unmitigated scenario The results of the operational phase ir quality assessment showed that the predicted hourly, daily and annual NO2 levels as well as the daily and annual RSP concentrations at all 49 ASRs were in compliance with the corresponding AQOs (300 ? g/m3, 150 ? g/m3 and 80 ? g/m3 for NO2 and 180? g/m3 and 55 ? g/m3 for RSP, resp ectively) 4. Mitigation measures For the on-site sewage treatment works at the BCP, total containment of sewage channels and provision of deodorization facilities will be implemented. 5. Air quality of mitigated scenario The nearest ASRs are at least 490m away from the sewage treatment works, it is anticipated that there would not be significant odors impact on the nearby ASRs. 4. 2. Procurement of relevant laws, regulations and pollutant emission standards Both of the SCL and the Liantang project completed the EIA report based on the guideline and air quality assessment that are stipulated in EIAO-TM, in which the maximum allowable concentrations over specific periods for typical pollutants should be met. Some specific requirements on air quality assessment for SCI Project are stipulated in Clause 3. 4. 2 of the EIA Study Brief. Both the SCI and Liantang Projects adopt Air Pollution Control Ordinance (APCO), Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) polity to regulate their air qu ality and construction dust density.Meanwhile, the Liantang Project also procure thePractice melody on Control of Air Pollution in Vehicle Tunnels which published by EPD to control the tunnel air quality. Table 7 the guidelines for Air impact assessment in Liantang Project 4. 2. 3 Background air pollutants concentrations adopted in Projects Background air quality The level of TSP (total hang up particulates) is the major concern in the SCL project. It make use of the five years (2006 2010) annual average monitoring selective information recorded at EPD? s general air quality monitoring stations in urban areas to estimate the background TSP concentration since there is no EPD general air quality monitoring station located in projects areas. Unlike the SCL project, the Liantang project had EPD record in the project area.Therefore, the latest available 5-year average close concentrations of pollutants measured at EPDs Tai Po Air Quality Monitoring Station have been taken as the bac kground concentrations for the air quality assessments. In the Liantang project, it also cared about the density of NO2 and RSP (respirable suspended particulates) which was not the issue in the SCI project. cross offworthily, the report prove its effective in control the air emission by taking the future reduction of emission in this area into consideration, with which a lower background concentration would be generated in the coming years. The TSP background concentration in SCI and Liantang were 75. 2 and 66. 6 ? g/m3, respectively.The background concentrations of NO2 and RSP in the Liantang project were 50. 4 and 49. 9? g/m3. ASRs 1) In the SCL project, the verification of ASRs in this project according to the guidance of EIAO-TM ( whatever municipal premises, hotel, hostel, hospital, clinic, nursery, temporary housing accommodation, school, educational institution, office, factory, shop, shopping centre, place of public worship, library, court of law, sports stadium or perfor ming arts centre are considered as ASRs. ) 500m from the Project alignment and boundaries of all associated areas under the project was the scope for air impact assessment stipulated in the EIA study brief. 14 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. 00m was also the scope for the Liantang project, however, as the place the project covered were mostly at the broad land of Hong Kong and Shenzhen and remote area of Hong Kong, the ASRs of interest were mainly scattered village houses situated in the vicinity of the BCP or alongside the BCP connecting road. In addition, the air intake point(s) of the buildings in the BCP were also considered in the project. 49 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. Among the ASRs, CY3 was eliminated considered that it would be relocated to resite. 2) In the SCL project, the lowest height for air sensitive use at respective ASRs locations was taken as either at 1. 5m above local ground level (AGL) which is the average height of the human breathi ng zone or at the lowest height, in view of the construction phase would be or mostly under the ground level using cut-and-cover method and the operation phase had no incomparable contaminants.Then, the assessment heights (in AGL) were arranged at 1, 5, 10, 15&20, respectively. In the Liantang project, since all the ASRs except BDG1 are low-rise village houses or playground, three assessment levels have been adopted, which are 1. 5m, 5m and 10m above local ground level (AGL). 4. 2. 4 Potential source of Impact and Assessment methodology The SCL project pay more attention to clarify the potential sources of impact, while the Liantang project emphasis more on the methods for the assessment. Potential source of Impact In the SCL project, major construction works that would contribute to construction dust impacts vehicle emission caused the air impact in the operation phase.In order to clarify the different contribution of various parts of the project on air quality impact, the SCL pro ject analyze the project by dividing it into separated parts include (construction stage) cut and cover works for tunnel and surface works construction of superstructures including the ventilation shafts modification work to HUH podium structure loading/unloading at barging point and (operation stage) vehicle operation to the east, west, north, south of the road. While the Liantang project, it only simply concluded that construction dust and vehicle emission would generate in the construction and operation phase without figuring out the different contribution of contaminant factors at different part of the project. Assessment methodological analysis Both the SCI and Liantang projects calculated the Emission Inventory and utilized Dispersion clay sculpture & submersion Calculation to do the assessment. The Liantang project also considered the effect of live, which adopted the Meteorological data for a full year measured at the vicinity of the project into its Fugitive Dust Model ( FDM).The Liantang project also calculated the cumulative impacts of all influence factors for air quality. For the operation stage, only qualitative approach is adopted to address the air quality implications in the SCI project. While the Liantang project carefully analyzed the different emission areas with different assessment methods Emissions from Open Roads Emissions from Ventilation Shafts and Building of Tunnels Emission from Tunnel Portals In-tunnel Air Quality Emission from kiosks, loading and unloading areas and PTI Cumulative Impacts Calculation of Total Concentration 4. 2. 5 Prediction Mitigation and Evaluation of Environmental Impact Overall reviewBoth the SCL and Liantang projects achieve the evaluation goal by comparing the unmitigated scenario with the post mitigated ones, so that to demonstrate the effectivity of their implemented mitigation measures. fairly difference in terms of the formation indicates in this part. The SCL adopt the unmitigated scenarioSpecify heads on the mitigation methods mitigated scenario, while the Liantang chiefly introduced the different implementation of air impact between the unmitigated and mitigated project and interpreted what the mitigation measures it had adopted, separately. Its analysis also divided the TSP index into hourly, daily, and annual branches which the SCL never done. The former one showed us a natural procedure Problem-solution-problem was effectively solved by showing the postaddressed data model.When it comes to the Liantang project, more concentration would be on fulfilling the requirement of EPD on the organization of EIA report. The benefit of SCL organization is more agreement and approval can be acquired from us, in another words, the report can facilities more populace to figure the report without having relevant knowledge. The advantage of Liantang organization may satisfy the EPD trust much more because it introduced every procedure in detail needed in EIAO-TM. Furthermore, the Li antang project, also assess the emission control as well as the Odour from the Proposed Sewage Treatment Works in self-colored of the specify need of this project. These parts were not include in the SCL project. Mitigation measuresExcept the common dust control measures which were adopted in both the two projects, dust suppression measures stipulated in the Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) Regulation as well as good site practices were also included in the SCL and Liantang projects. One other point worth emphasizing is that the Liantang project 4. 3 Water Impact Assessment 4. 3. 1 General Review of the project 4. 3. 1. 1 Water quality background The SCI and Liantang projects made use of the monitoring data in the vicinity areas given by government to describe their environment. Due to the absence of water quality information at Kong Yiu Channel in the Liantang project, a water quality survey was conducted at Kong Yiu Channel near the Works Area. With the above mentioned w ays, the water qualities of the project environment were confirmed. . 3. 1. 2 Water Sensitive Receivers SCI There is no remarkable WSR in the project except three cooling water intakes were identified within 300m from the project boundaries. Liantang Key water sensitive receivers that may potentially be affected include Shenzhen River (WSR1) Kong Yiu Channel (WSR2) River Ganges (WSR3) River Indus (WSR4) Ma Wat Channel (WSR5) Streams at Kau Lung Hang (WSR6) Upstream of Man Uk Pin Stream (WSR7) 4. 3. 2 Environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines EIAO-TM is the basic legislation for both the SCI and Liantang projects to do the water impact assessment and mitigation. Besides the EIAO-TM, both the wo projects introduced Water Pollution Control Ordinance involve Water Quality Objectives and Technical Memorandum on Standards for Effluents Discharged into Drainage and Sewerage Systems, Inland and Coastal Waters to benefit the assessment. Furthermore, Practice Note for Professional P ersons on Construction Site Drainage provided sufficient practice guidelines for handling and disposal of construction site discharges. The Liantang project also adopt the criteria of no net increase in pollution load requirement as specified in the Town Planning Board Guidelines No. 12B. It is believe that this guideline would be useful on protecting important habitats and wildlife of the Deep Bay region. 4. 3. 3 Prediction and Evaluation of ImpactsThe commonly used approaches for Environmental impact predictions are as follow Mass ease Approaches calculations to determine average concentrations and percentage changes in pollutant loadings Mathematical Modeling Approaches the forcible system is reduced to one or two dimensions using mathematical expressions to simplify the data requirements and solution techniques Aquatic-Ecosystem-Modeling Approaches Instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM) habitat evaluation procedure (HEP) Habitat evaluation system (HES) In the SCI repor t, no above mentioned method was introduced in both the construction phase and operation phase. Whereas the Liantang report, the Mass balance approaches were adopted in most of the impacts in operation phase. For example In the BCP part, it revealed that the estimated additional peak discharge generated from the proposed development is about 6. 5m3/s under a 1 in 50 year return period storm, which is approximately 2. % of the peak flow of the existing Shenzhen River near River Ganges in the Road part, the net increase in water level and discharge at the Fanling Highway Connection are less than 20 mm and 1 m3/s respectively to showed the impact is considered unnoticeable In the Sewage effluents and sewerage impact, approximately 185m3/day and 142. 56m3/day average dry weather flow generated from the proposed BCP at Hong Kong side and Resite of Chuk Yuen Village are estimated. By using this method, vague impact can be clearly understood and measured. 4. 3. 4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 4. 3. 4. 1 Construction Phase Construction site runoff and drainage The common measurements in both the SCL and Liantang project include something concern on-site drainage system, deposition basins-sand removal facilities, inspection, temporary cover during wet season excavation, vehicle should be washed, Open stockpiles of construction materials (e. g. ggregates, sand and fill material) on sites should be covered with tarpaulin or similar fabric during rainstorms, etc. The Liantang project also mentioned the build of Ditches to to aid the runoff discharge into stormwater drainage system through and through a sediment/ choke trap. While the SCL project did some detail design for its mitigation methods Minimum distances of 100 m should be maintained between the discharge points of construction site run-off and the existing saltwater intakes it tell it should undergo the removal of settleable solids in a silt removal facility, and pH adjustment as necessary. Both two rep orts mentioned a discharge clear was also requisite for effluent discharge.In addition to list out the mitigation measures, the Liantang project also stipulated the water mitigated conditions should be achieved Adequate measures should be implemented to ensure no pollution or siltation occurs to the catchwaters and catchments. No earth, building materials, oil or fuel, soil, toxic materials or any materials that may maybe cause contamination to water gathering grounds are allowed to be stockpiled on site. All surplus spoil should be removed from water gathering grounds as soon as possible. Temporary drains with silt traps should be constructed at the site boundary before the commencement of any earthworks. Regular cleaning of silt traps should be carried out to ensure befitting operation at all time. All excavated or filled surfaces which have the risk of erosion should always be protected form erosion.Facilities for washout the wheels of vehicles before leaving the site should be provided . These standards were really useful, as the predefine mitigation measures may not practical after the commencement of the project. In order to reduce the water impact at best, guidelines on to what result the performance of the changed mitigation methods should achieved can guarantee the water mitigation efficient. Other concerns part For the Accidental Spillage, the Liantang project regulated all fuel tanks and storage areas should be provided with locks and be sited on sealed area. Whereas the SCL emphasized the protection of Waste disposal so as to minimize the possibility of accidental spillage.First, it required the contractile organ to be registered as a chemical waste producer the Waste Disposal Ordinance is regulated follows. 4. 3. 4. 2 Operation phase In the operation phase, the SCL project emphasis the important role of filtering, it regulated many filter-like processes before the discharge. While the Liantang project adopted a dry weather flow intercepting system in the BCP to minimize the pollutants discharging in the Shenzhen River. 5. What do the Case Studies Highlight from the Two EIA report EIA, in essence, is an assessment of the impact of a planned activity on the environment. The ultimate aim of EIA is to control, contain, minimize, and even remove a development activitys potential negative impacts on the environment.The core concept of Environment, can be defined as the combination of elements of whose complex inter-relationships make up the settings, the surroundings and the conditions of life of individual and of society, as they are or as they are felt. Therefore, the concept of environment should be based on the feeling of every people in the regions. In view of this, a qualified EIA report should to some extent comply with the criterion the information within the report, regardless of the professional or non-professional parts, will pursue to be understood by the most stakeholders, both the authorities and the public. To achieve this goal, the professional EIA report which used to only be fully understand by the professional, need more show forms that facilitate the others without relevant background to read.Two of the mentioned show forms, have been successfully utilized in the Liantang Projects- 1) The public source during the projects and 2) 3D EIA attach to the EIA report. The effect of these two methods satisfies the objective of the EIA at best. Both of the two measures should be advocated to the EIA of future projects. The comparison of the SCL and Liantang projects on with and without as well as practice well and practice not well the two methods revealed their prominent role play in Environmental impact assessment. 5. 1 earthly concern Participation in the Projects Mentioned in the Project Description, both the two projects asserted that they did a great cable in encouraging the joint-force of the Public participation for the projects.Nevertheless, the huge differences of performance on the public participation were found after comparing the two projects. The Liantang complied with the expect actions of EPD on accommodating the public at best while the SCL did not. In the Liantang project, there were a lot of project alternatives be adopted in cooperation with the Public. The media of the consultation was Meeting. In order to effectively utilize the public suggestions, the impact was carried out into two stages Stage 1, meeting with the public to gather the views and prospect Stage two communications of findings and possible outcome. This method was proved efficiently by the subsequent outcome of the public participation. (Table 8).With the help of enough interactions with the Public which signly regulate in the EIAO-TM, we can see a more beneficial Liantang project was invented after a lot of reconciliation. Therefore, the Liantang project did very well in public participation. Table 8 However, the SCL did the public consultation quiet perfunctory when it comp are in parallel with the same work within Liantang project. From the information offered in the EIA report, the SCL project indicates it insufficiency in interacting with the public. The report introduced that their public consultations were mainly achieved by roving exhibitions, public and professional forums, and seminars, and exposit on how to carry the activities out and the outcome of the public participation were not illustrated in the report.Having found that most of the activities are advertising of the projects and lack of today interaction and lack of mention on the contribution of public participations, we can interfere that quite a few of the public benefit had been neglected in the project process due to the paucity of listening to the public view. In conclusion, the SCL project is not eligible in according to the criteria on public participation of regulated in EIA study brief. 5. 2 3-D EIA The 3-D EIA technology has been used in the Liantang project, where an addit ion bottom of Electronic visualization,as shown in Table 9, displays on the website together with other traditional EIA parts. Clicking into the Electronic visualization, an overview of the project location firstly shows on the screen.With a natural blue background color, the pleasing image indicates us that a topic that emphasis environment a lot would demonstrate subsequently. Then, the homepages are supported by several useful icons which are Introduction, Baseline, consideration of alternatives, Preferred Option and Impact Assessment. Each of the branches contains some parts of the simplified content which have already been introduced in the EIA report. In cooperation with 3-D model of BCP, all the information can be understood by amateurs in an active and smooth way. Table 9 3D-EIA share on the website The approach of 3-D EIA is very useful in many aspects ) The 3-D EIA are based on the information provided in the EIA report, and photos which were taken in practical scenerie s. These ensure the trust and reliability of the information provided on the website. 2) 3-D model was adopted to strike the comprehensive project. Obviously the project will be more pictorial than the traditional two-dimensional maps. 3) As the internet is not necessary to present information in a formal way, the colloquial kind of side of meat along with the attached photos which display different kinds of important features in the assessment benefit more people to understand EIA report more deeply. Apparently, 3-D EIA report is really useful and should be applied to more project assessment. 6. Conclusion and future application of the CasesThis study reviews the Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works (Agreement No. CE 45/2008) and the Shatin to Central Link Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section (Agreement No. NEX/2213). Comparison on Noise impact assessment, Air impact assessment and Water impact assessme nt have been conducted during the process. The Assessment approaches and mitigation methods during the construction phase in the two projects are generally same due to their environmental problem in the three branches (air, water, and noise) were assigned to the similar catagories. In the operation phase, the two projects implemented different measures.The study also highlights the vital role of public played in the Liantang Project, where many of the alternatives are adopted for the initial ones. Instead of advertising-like implementation the public participation strategies like those in the SCL project, the Liantang project actively encouraged the crapper to be joint-force to influence the decision-making at some of the location of road or channel, etc. From the experience of this project, we know that the original dicision on the project by the contractor would be unavoidable subscript and may ignored some benefits of the stakeholds. With the help of public participation, compl ementary essay was generated to revise the project.The 3D EIA is also one of the lightspots discovered during the comparison. Its application in the Liangtang project demonstrates the unique role it can act in the EIA report. By attaching the 3D maps, dynamic flash-made pictures, and more persuasive computering model on the website, more amuerturs or stakeholders which have been rejecting to participate due to the insufficient professional background is acceptable to the EIA inspectation. The 3D EIA narrow the gap between the authority and the mass further. In view of this, the future trend of EIA is recommended to put more focus on ensuring the public participation and adopt the new 3D techinology to dish up the EIA report. References 1.Mott MacDonaId, Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works (2010) , EIA Website, Agreement No. CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. AECOM, Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Shatin to Cent ral Link Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section(2011) , Agreement No. NEX/2213. 3. The Technical Memorandum on Environmental Impact Assessment service (1997), Environment Protection Department. 4. Mott MacDonaId, Environmental Impact Assessment Executive Summary- Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai Boundary Control Point and Associated Works(2010), Civil Engineering and Development Department. 5. AECOM, Environmental Impact Assessment Shatin to Central Link- Mong Kok East to Hung Hom Section (2011), MTR Corporation Limited. 6. Environmental Impact Assessment Study Brief No. ESB-192/2008 (2008), MTR Corporation Limited. 7. Environmental Impact Assessment Study Brief NO. ESB- 199/2008 (2008), CIVIL engineering AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. 8. Christopher Wood, Linden Coppell An evaluation of the Hong Kong environmental impact assessment system (1999), Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 010021-11 9. The surround-sound approach to planning (2012), South china Morning Post. 10. Tilleman, William A. , Public Participation in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process A Comparative Study of Impact Assessment in Canada, the United States and the European Community (1995), 33 Colum. J. Transnatl L. 337.